原创 学术之树常青 学术星球 2022-05-05 16:00
Joseph Raz died on May 2nd 2022 in Charing Cross Hospital after suffering a heart attack a few days earlier. He leaves behind his long-term partner, Penelope Bulloch, and his son Noam Raz, an architect based in Sydney, Australia
约瑟夫·拉兹（Joseph Raz）于2022年5月2日在查林十字医院去世。几天前他因心脏病发作而住院。拉兹离开了自己长年的伴侣佩内洛普·布洛克（Penelope Bulloch）和他的儿子诺姆·拉兹（Noam Raz），一名住在澳大利亚悉尼的建筑师。
Joseph Raz was born in 1939 in Mandate Palestine. Encouraged in his youthful intellectual pursuits by his father, an electrician, he grew up in a house with no books except his own. Raz studied law at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, where he impressed the great Oxford legal philosopher, H.L.A. Hart, with perceptive criticisms of an invited lecture that Hart had delivered. Raz subsequently came to Oxford to work under Hart’s supervision, completing his doctorate in 1967. He then took up a tutorial fellowship in law at Balliol College in 1972, and went on to hold a personal chair in the philosophy of law (1985-2006), and then a research professorship (2006-2009). In the latter part of his career he also held posts at Columbia Law School and King’s College London.
约瑟夫·拉兹1939年出生在英属巴勒斯坦托管地（Mandatory Palestine）。他年轻时对智识的追求受到了他的父亲——一名电工的鼓励，并在一个充斥着自己书籍的房子里长大。拉兹曾在耶路撒冷的希伯来大学研习法律。在那里，他因对伟大的牛津大学法哲学家哈特（H.L.A.Hart）所发表的特邀演讲做出敏锐的批判而给其留下了深刻的印象。拉兹随后来到牛津大学，在哈特的指导下工作，并于1967年获得博士学位。1972年，他又获得了（牛津大学）贝利奥尔学院的法学导师职位，并先后担任法哲学讲席教授（1985-2006）和科研教授（2006-2009）。在职业生涯后期，他还在哥伦比亚法学院和伦敦国王学院担任过职务。
The author of works including The Concept of a Legal System (1970), Practical Reason and Norms (1975), and The Authority of Law (1979), Raz was one of the three or four leading legal philosophers of the last hundred years. Along with John Rawls, he was one of the two most significant political philosophers in the liberal tradition since John Stuart Mill. Together with H.L.A. Hart, Ronald Dworkin, and John Finnis, Raz firmly established Oxford’s pre-eminence in legal philosophy for over half a century. In legal philosophy, Raz succeeded Hart as the torch-bearer of legal positivism. One bone of contention in the multi-faceted quarrel between legal positivists and natural lawyers is whether moral judgments are necessary in determining the existence and content of laws. According to the original version of legal positivism championed by Raz, the existence and content of legal norms is always exclusively a matter of social fact – e.g., of what has been laid down by legislatures or judicial decisions - rather than moral evaluation.
拉兹是过去百年间最重要的三或四位法哲学家之一，他的著作包括《法律体系的概念》（The Concept of a Legal System，1970）、《实践理由与规范》（Practical Reason and Norms，1979）和《法律的权威》（The Authority of Law，1979）等。拉兹同罗尔斯（John Rawls）一道成为了继密尔（John Stuart Mill）之后最重要的两位自由主义传统的政治哲学家之一，并和哈特、德沃金（Ronald Dworkin）、菲尼斯（John Finnis）一起在半个多世纪的时间里牢牢确立了牛津大学在法哲学领域的卓越地位。在法哲学领域，拉兹接替哈特成为法律实证主义的火炬手。法律实证主义者和自然法学者在诸多争论中的一个争议焦点是，道德判断在决定法律的存在与内容方面是否必要。根据拉兹所倡导的法律实证主义的原初版本，法律规范的存在与内容通常仅仅是一个关于社会事实的问题——譬如由立法机关和司法判决所确立的内容——而不是道德判断。
Contrary, however, to a widespread caricature of legal positivism, Raz’s position was not premised on a subjectivist conception of value. His influential ‘service conception’ of the authority of law held that law was morally binding on an individual if they were more likely to conform with objective reasons that apply to them - for example, about which side of the road to drive on, or the handling of hazardous chemicals - by obeying the law, rather than by following their own judgment. Raz’s legal positivism was an outgrowth of this essentially Platonic-Aristotelian account of legitimate authority. This is because he believed that law cannot meaningfully claim the authority that it does if the identification of its norms required the making of normative judgments about precisely those matters that the law was supposed to have authoritatively settled.
然而，与对法律实证主义的普遍讽刺相反的是，拉兹的立场并不以主观主义的价值观念为前提。他那颇具影响力的法律权威的“服务观”认为，如果通过服从法律而非跟随他们自己的判断更有可能符合适用于他们的客观理由——例如关于在马路的哪一边开车或如何处理危险化学品之类的问题，那么法律就对个人具有道德约束力。拉兹的法律实证主义本质上是一种对正当权威进行柏拉图-亚里士多德式的解释的产物。这是因为在拉兹看来，如果法律规范的鉴别要求（我们）作出规范性判断，且这些判断是关于本应由法律来权威地处理的事项，那么法律就无法有意义地声张它的权威。
Raz’s writings on legal philosophy achieved a level of intellectual depth and rigour that was historically unprecedented. Yet it is his contributions to political philosophy, especially his seminal The Morality of Freedom (1986), that are most likely to be of enduring significance. The Morality of Freedom not only elaborated his service conception of political authority, it also developed a powerful version of perfectionist liberalism, according to which the aim of the liberal state is to promote the flourishing of its members. Raz’s distinctively liberal take on this broadly Aristotelian thesis consisted in his emphasis on individual autonomy as a vital component of personal well-being. Raz’s perfectionist liberalism, with its pluralistic and objectivist conception of well-being, is the main liberal rival to the widely influential Rawlsian idea of liberalism as premised on neutrality about the human good.
拉兹的法哲学作品，无论在智力深度上还是在严谨程度上，都达到了前所未有的水平。但他对政治哲学的贡献很可能更具有持久性的意义，尤其是那本影响深远的《自由的道德性》（The Morality of Freedom ，1986）。该书不仅详细论述了他的政治权威的服务性观念，还发展出了一套具有说服力的至善论自由主义。根据这种观点，自由主义国家的目的是促进其成员的繁盛生活。拉兹对这个广义上的亚里士多德式命题持有独特的自由主义视角，在于他对作为个人福祉重要组成部分的个人自主性的强调。拉兹的至善论自由主义以及多元客观论的福祉观，是影响广泛的罗尔斯式自由主义（秉持人类善品的中立性前提）的主要自由主义对手。
A remarkable feature of Raz’s career is that he contributed at the highest level for almost five decades to debate across a diverse range of topics in moral, political, and legal philosophy. These topics included practical reason, the rule of law, well-being, rights, and meta-ethics. Raz was striking in the way he combined an intense commitment to philosophical inquiry with an unpretentious and informal personal style. He could be severe in his judgments, especially when confronted with what he perceived as intellectual sloppiness. But his fierceness mellowed over the years, perhaps in response to his growing fame, or just the temper of the times. His dedication to teaching was legendary, as evidenced by the large number of legal and political philosophers who studied under him, such as John Gardner, Les Green, Timothy Endicott, Aileen Kavanagh, and Julie Dickson, among others.
拉兹职业生涯的一个显著特征是，在近五十年的时间里，他对道德、政治和法哲学中不同主题的辩论作出了至高水平的贡献。这些主题包括实践理由、法治、福祉、权利和元伦理学。拉兹的引人注目之处在于他将对哲学探索的热切承诺与朴实无华的个人风格相结合。他的判断可能很犀利，尤其在面对他所认为的知识分子的草率行为时。但他的锋芒在这些年里逐温和了下来，也许是为了应对他日益增长的名气，又或者只是为了应对时代的风气。他对教学的奉献是传奇性的，大量跟随他学习的法律和政治哲学家都可作为证明，如约翰·加德纳（John Gardner）、莱斯·格林（Les Green）、蒂莫西·恩迪科特（Timothy Endicott）、艾琳·卡瓦那（Aileen Kavanagh）和朱莉·迪克森（Julie Dickson）等。
