围绕数字经济对社会经济的影响研究，本期精选社科类期刊5篇双语文章，分别发表在《西安财经大学学报》《外国经济与管理》《中南财经政法大学学报》《经济科学》《南开管理评论》，欢迎阅读！
精选文章·Selected Articles
01
数字化零售平台商业模式的政治经济学分析
Political economics analysis of the business model of digital retail platform
【摘要】根据商品经济基本矛盾，传统零售向数字化零售平台转型是更好利用数字技术解决商品价值实现问题的必然趋势。通过对数字化零售平台商业模式的运行机制分析发现：数字化零售平台能够在很大程度上加速商品实现的规模和速度，但仍无法从根本上消除市场经济中生产相对过剩现象。由于数字化零售并没有改变雇佣劳动关系的本质，数字劳工劳动力再生产状况依然是社会需要关注的重要问题。
【Abstract】Against the backdrop of speeding up the building of new development pattern in which domestic and foreign markets boost each other, with the domestic market as the mainstay, the business model of digital retail platform has become an important means linking production, distribution, circulation and consumption, and speeding up the great circulation in China. According to the basic contradiction of commodity economy, the transition from traditional retail to digital retail platform is the inevitable choice to make better use of digital technology to solve the problem of commodity sales (W-G), namely, the realization of commodity value. The digital retail platform is an internet enterprise organization that digitizes the real transaction behavior and provides the digital network space, channel, rules and the third-party financial guarantee for both parties for the transaction. The digital retail platform has effectively shortened the circulation time in the capital circulation process, facilitated the realization of the commodity value, greatly increased the commodity turnover speed and velocity of money, alleviated the blindness of commodity production to a certain extent, and reduced the risk of overproduction. The digital retail platform mainly includes three core departments. The first is the developed data acquisition and processing center platform. Based on the developed data acquisition and transmission system, it carries a series of advanced information technologies such as cloud storage, big data, and cloud computing, which enables the massive commodity information around the world convert into the standard binary programmable digital information. At the same time, the data of online shopping are recorded. The intelligent learning algorithm is used to predict each consumer’s consumption preference and consumption habit accurately. The second is a digital virtual space platform for information exchange and online transactions between the supply and demand sides. The digital sales platform breaks the traditional retail model in space and time constraints, which can meet the needs of consumers anytime and anywhere. The third is the independent digital currency payment center platform. As an intermediary between two parties of a transaction, in addition to providing transaction information, rules and procedures, this platform should also provide financial guarantees to both parties of the transaction to minimize the crisis of trust between the parties of an online transaction, protect the legitimate rights and interests of both consumers and sellers. In addition, the rapid development of digital retail platform has also aggravated the employment polarization phenomenon of digital labor. One pole is the “digital labor aristocracy” with high salaries and high work intensity, and the “996” working system is their normal working pattern. The increasing work intensity and competitive pressure have seriously affected the quality of the reproduction of the labor force. The other pole is the “digital proletariat” who is badly paid and engaged in simple labor of unstable job. The business model of digital retail platform relies on new digital information technologies to further deepen the control power of labor process and intensifies the actual subordination of digital labor to capital. The reproduction status of digital labor force is still an important issue that the whole society needs to pay attention to.
02
数字化转型对企业国际化广度的影响研究：动态能力的中介作用
Impact of digital transformation on the scope of firm
【摘要】基于2009—2019年中国制造业上市企业数据，本研究采用文本挖掘技术构造企业层面的数字化转型指数,运用动态能力理论阐释和实证检验数字化转型对企业国际化广度的直接影响,以及动态能力的中介作用。研究发现：（1）数字化转型能促进企业感知和应对动态复杂的国际竞争环境，提升企业国际化广度。（2）数字化转型通过影响企业动态能力对国际化广度产生影响：数字化转型提高了企业在动态环境下感知机会、获取和重构内外部资源的动态能力；动态能力有助于企业洞察国际市场机会,更加积极和有效地提升企业国际化广度。（3）进一步的分析还表明数字化转型对企业国际化广度的影响强度与东道国制度特征和企业股权性质有关：数字化转型对国际化广度的正向影响在制度逆差、非“一带一路”国家以及民营企业,比在制度顺差、“一带一路”国家和国有企业更强。本研究丰富和拓展了数字化转型对企业国际化战略的影响研究,为制造企业的国际扩张提供了一条现实路径。
【Abstract】In recent years, digital transformation is driving profound changes in the global economy. The wide application of information technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing has reshaped firms’ resources and capabilities, and fundamentally changed the organizational structure, business model, and strategic decision-making. In practice, a large number of firms have relied on digital technology for international expansion, but the academic research on how digital transformation affects the internationalization behavior of firms is still very scarce. Based on the data of China’s manufacturing listed companies from 2009 to 2019, using text mining technology to construct the index of digital transformation at the firm level, and drawing on the dynamic capability theory, this paper explains and empirically tests the relationship between digital transformation and the international scope of multinational firms, and the mediating role of dynamic capability. The main conclusions are as follows. Firstly, digital transformation promotes firms to perceive and respond to the dynamic and complex international competitive environment, improving the scope of firm internationalization. Secondly, by affecting the dynamic capability, digital transformation has an impact on the scope of firm internationalization. That is, digital transformation improves the ability of firms to perceive opportunities, and obtain and reconstruct internal and external resources in a dynamic environment. Thirdly, firms with a stronger dynamic capability will actively and effectively promote international expansion, improving the scope of firm internationalization. Finally, the impact of digital transformation on the scope of firm internationalization is related to the institutional characteristics of the host country and the nature of firm equity. Specifically, the positive impact of digital transformation on the scope of firm internationalization is stronger in the case of institutional deficit, non-countries along the Belt and Road, and private firms than in the case of institutional surplus, countries along the Belt and Road, and state-owned firms. This paper contributes to existing literature in the following ways. Firstly, drawing on the dynamic capability theory, it explains and tests the impact of digital transformation on the scope of firm internationalization, which enriches existing research on digital transformation in the field of international business. Secondly, it elaborates in detail how modern technology improves dynamic capability and further discusses the mediating role of dynamic capability between digital transformation and the scope of firm internationalization, which helps to open the “black box” of digital transformation affecting the scope of firm internationalization. Thirdly, it also examines the heterogeneous impact of digital transformation on the scope of firm internationalization from the institutional characteristics of the host country and the nature of firm equity, further expanding the boundary conditions of the impact of digital transformation on the scope of firm internationalization. Finally, the large panel dataset used in this study not only helps to improve the sample representativeness, but also controls the factors that change with time, which is helpful to get more accurate research conclusions.
03
人工智能有助于增强出口稳定性吗——基于质量提升机制的视角
Does artificial intelligence help to enhance export stability from the perspective of quality upgrading mechanism
【摘要】在国内外经济环境日趋复杂的情形下，稳出口已成为稳增长的重要支撑。本文在理论分析的基础上，采用2000-2015年中国海关数据库和工业企业数据库的匹配数据，运用离散时间生存模型考察了人工智能应用对以出口持续时间衡量的出口稳定性的影响。研究发现，人工智能对出口稳定性具有显著的增强作用，且增强效果在技术水平较低的贸易关系上尤为明显；在贸易关系的持续过程中，人工智能的引入可以通过直接提升产品质量、降低产品质量衰减速度的方式，降低贸易关系的失败概率，增强企业的出口稳定性。
【Abstract】Since the domestic and international economic environments become increasingly complicated, export stability plays an important role in maintaining China’s steady economic growth. Based on theoretical analysis and the matching data of the China Customs Database and the Chinese Industrial Enterprises Database over the period of 2000–2015, this paper adopts the discrete-time survival model to examine the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on export stability measured by the duration of the trade relationship. Theoretically, this paper brings consumer utility discounts and the technological progress of firms into the analytical framework. It finds that when the technological progress rate is lower than a certain critical value, the quality of export products tends to gradually decay as the trade relations continue, and when the product quality cannot meet the minimum requirements of the market, the trade relationships will end. Therefore, product quality is the key factor for the survival of trade relationships and it determines export stability. The adoption of AI in production can optimize the allocation of enterprises’ factors, significantly improve productivity, and reduce production costs. Enterprises can either convert cost advantages into short-term price advantages to achieve a leap in product quality or choose to convert cost advantages into long-term technical advantages to slow down the decline of product quality, both of which help enhance the export stability of enterprises. This paper uses the import data of industrial robots identified by the HS8 code as the proxy variable for enterprises to use AI. Firstly, through the estimation of survival functions, this paper preliminarily proves the beneficial impact of industrial robots on the export stability of enterprises. Secondly, the dynamic changes in product quality in the duration of the trade relationships are shown, indicating that product quality is the key factor in the survival of trade relationships. Thirdly, the upgrading effects of industrial robots on the quality of export products are presented, preliminarily proving the quality-upgrading mechanism that AI enhances export stability by improving the quality of export products. Empirically, the results of benchmark regression show that application of AI helps reduce the probability of the failure of trade relationships and significantly enhances export stability, which is still valid after a series of robustness tests. The tests based on the heterogeneity of enterprises, export destination countries, and export products show that when enterprises have no inclination to invest in R&D, or when the export destination countries are developing countries, or when the export products are consumer goods, the AI can enhance the export stability to a great extent. The above findings show that the technical level is an important factor affecting this effect. The lower the technical content of the trade relationship is, the more obvious the AI’s enhancement effect on their export stability will be. The mechanism test from the perspective of quality upgrading shows that AI helps enterprises optimize the allocation of resources, improve productivity in the short term, and thus improve product quality and export stability. Some enterprises use the saved costs for R&D investment to convert cost advantages into technical advantages, reduce the decline rate of product quality, and thus maintain high product quality and export stability in the long term. The empirical test results are consistent with the above theoretical analysis and typical facts.
04
人工智能扩大了企业间的工资差距吗?——来自中国工业企业的证据
Does artificial intelligence widen the wage gap across enterprises: evidence from Chinese industrial enterprises database
【摘要】本文采用2000—2015年中国工业企业数据，考察了机器人应用对企业间工资差距的影响及其作用机制。研究发现，机器人应用在提高企业平均工资的同时，扩大了应用企业与未应用企业之间的工资差距，且随着时间推移这一影响愈加彰显，并在不同行业和不同地区中呈现异质性。在现阶段，机器人应用的生产率效应和产出规模效应大于替代效应，使得利润分享工资的提升效应高于技能组成工资的降低效应，是企业间工资差距扩大的主因。因此，加大企业间再收入分配政策的调节力度，引导工人学习与人工智能技术相适应的新技能，是增加劳动者工资和抑制企业间工资差距进一步扩大的重要途径。
【Abstract】Faced with the large income gap for many years, China has put forward the goal of achieving common prosperity by 2035. However, this goal has been constantly affected by artificial intelligence represented by robots in recent years. According to existing research, the impact of artificial intelligence on labor income distribution or wage gap is mainly reflected in three aspects: the actual wage level, the share of labor income and the wage gap among different workers. Little literature has examined the impact of artificial intelligence on the wage gap across enterprises using the micro-enterprise data. As the application of artificial intelligence in production is mainly realized through robots, this paper uses the data of Chinese Industrial Enterprises Database from 2000 to 2015 to investigate the impact of robot application on the wage gap across enterprises and its mechanism. The results of this paper are as follows. While robot application improves the average wage of enterprises, it expands the wage gap between enterprises that use robots and those that do not, and this effect becomes more significant over time, showing heterogeneity in different industries and different regions. The effect of productivity and the effect of output size of robot application are stronger than substitution effect at the present stage, leading to the increase of profit-sharing wage higher than the decrease of skill-composed wage, which is the main reason for the widening wage gap across enterprises. Therefore, it is an important way to increase workers’ wages and restrain the further expansion of wage gap across enterprises to strengthen the regulation of redistribution policy between enterprises and guide workers to learn new skills suitable for the development of robot technology. Compared with existing literature, the possible innovations of this paper are as follows. Firstly, although the influence of artificial intelligence on labor income distribution has attracted great attention from the academic circles, the existing studies mainly use mathematical models for deduction, and use macro data for support due to data limitations. In contrast, there are less micro-level studies based on enterprise data. Based on the large sample data of Chinese industrial enterprises, this paper examines the heterogeneous influence of artificial intelligence on the wage gap between enterprises and its mechanism. Secondly, although there is a small amount of literature discussing the influence of artificial intelligence on the wage gap of workers with different skill levels within enterprises, so far, there is little research on the wage gap between enterprises. Thirdly, on the basis of the production task model of Acemoglu and Restrepo (2018), this paper introduces enterprise heterogeneity, and explores the influence of artificial intelligence on the wage gap between enterprises and its channel. As far as research significance is concerned, this paper focuses on the most direct and contradictory link in the field of income distribution-wage inequality among enterprises. It focuses on analyzing whether artificial intelligence has increased the wage gap among different enterprises, and on this basis, it provides references and suggestions for enterprises to speed up the intelligent transformation and upgrading, for workers to adapt to changes in demand, and for the government to improve income distribution policies.
05
“直播电商”情境下数字机会共创机制研究：基于数字可供性视角的质性研究
Digital Opportunity Co-creation Mechanism within Live Broadcast E-commerce Context: A Qualitative Study Based on the Digital Affordance Theory
【摘要】2016-2020年“直播经济”的飞速发展有目共睹，大量个人、企业和组织积极进入“直播电商”这一新兴创业生态中。探索多元化主体如何利用数字技术提供的各种可能性进行机会共创，是揭示“直播电商”领域创业动态的关键，也是理解“直播经济”发展动力的重要内容。本文基于数字可供性视角，以MC N机构为主要分析对象，归纳“直播电商”情境下数字机会共创模式和机制。研究发现：（1）数字可供性分为真实可供性（包括物理、功能两个维度）和感知可供性（包括知觉、认知两个维度），分别影响机会集构建和机会共创阶段。（2）在机会集构建阶段，以物理和功能可供性为基础，新兴MCN机构及相关参与者通过试验性机制构建了“私域流量型机会集”，既有MCN机构及相关参与者通过组合性机制构建了“公域流量型机会集”。（3）在机会共创阶段，新兴MCN机构利用知觉可供性共享形成大规模可视和超长持续性效应，将私域流量型机会集转化成新兴组织间的机会共创模式。既有MCN机构利用认知可供性共享形成矩阵化编辑和大数据联结效应，将公域流量型机会集转化成既有机构间的机会共创模式。本研究归纳了数字可供性的基本内涵、机制和效应，进而构建“数字可供性—数字机会集—数字机会共创”的关系模型以揭示出两种数字机会共创模式，丰富了数字创业、机会共创及数字可供性的内容，为揭示直播经济的发展动力提供理论启示，对现有直播领域各类参与者具有实践指导意义。
【Abstract】From the year 2016 to 2020, many people witnessed the blooming of live broadcast economy, multiple individuals, organizations and firms become activated within the fashion of “live broadcast E-commerce”. From the perspective of entrepreneurial research, the field of “live broadcast E-commerce” brought about a new model of digital entrepreneurship featured with multiple actors and their co-creation behavior, which is one of the major concerns of this domain. Exploring how these agents recognize and exploit opportunity with digital technology is the key question for understanding the dynamic of entrepreneurship within “live broadcast E-commerce” and so as the driving force live broadcast economy. However current digital entrepreneurship research cannot explain this thoroughly. Based on the Digital Affordance theory which is getting more and more attention these days, and cases within SEC field, this study intended to build a model about digital opportunity co-creation with the Grounded theory approach. We found that: (1) Digital affordance can be divided into two dimensions, real affordance (physical and functional) and perceive affordance (sensory and cognitive), and they affect the construction of opportunity sets period and opportunity co-creation period separately. (2) Within the construction of opportunity sets period, With the help of physical and functional affordance, new MCN institutions and related participant form private flowing opportunity set and incumbent MCN institutions form public flowing opportunity set. (3) Private flowing opportunity set turns into co-creating behavior with the effect of massive visibility and extra length sustainability while public flowing opportunity set turns into co-creating behavior with the effect of matrix editability and big-data driven connection. There are two major contributions of the founding. On the one hand, the research summarized the basic connotation of digital affordance, and summarized and defined the physical, perceptual, cognitive and functional dimensions of digital affordance in the field of “live e-commerce”, which enriched the connotation of digital affordance. On the other hand, based on the basic connotation and mechanism of digital affordance, the co-creation of digital opportunities is divided into two stages, and then a relationship model of “digital affordance-digital opportunity set-digital opportunity co-creation” is constructed. By refining the “private domain” and “public domain” opportunity sets, and revealing the digital opportunity co-creation models of two different institutions under the “live e-commerce” context, the content of digital entrepreneurship, opportunity co-creation and digital affordance has been enriched. The research conclusion reveals the opportunity co-creation mechanism under multi-agent participation from the industry level. The enlightenment for individual participants is that they need to determine the development path according to their own characteristics. And to be specific, they can choose between individual content creation to the single flow realization mode of independent MCN institutions, and the hierarchical realization mode of team total based on the team matrix combination of existing enterprises. The inspiration for government agencies lies in the need to be efficient of relevant policy guidance and regulation according to the main characteristics of intensive interaction within the industry, combined with different types of participants or opportunities to co-create paths.
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