机器代工对我国制造业跨区域转移的影响研究
叶堂林1，王雪莹1,2，梁新若3,4
（1.首都经济贸易大学 城市经济与公共管理学院，北京100070；
2.山东科技大学 财经学院，山东 泰安271000；
3.首都经济贸易大学 经济学院，北京100070；
4.北京工业大学 经济与管理学院，北京100124）
摘要：本文从产业转出地的“推力”“拉力”和产业移入地的“引力”相互作用的视角探讨了制造业转移的动因，认为机器代工作为一种典型的产业转出地“拉力”会减缓甚至抑制我国制造业的跨区域转移。运用2008—2019年中国海关进出口数据及省级面板数据，构建了回归模型进行实证检验。研究发现：（1）机器代工改变了制造业部门对生产要素的需求结构和各区域生产要素的匹配效率，缓解了我国制造业发展面临的成本压力，提升了行业竞争优势，增强了产业转出地“拉力”，表现为地区专门化率的提升，进而抑制制造业的跨区域转移。（2）当劳动力价格达到一定水平后，机器代工使得制造业部门生产要素组合的投入产出高于起初要素组合的投入产出比，有效地增强了产业转出地“黏性”，抑制了制造业的跨区域转移。
关键词：机器人替代效应；区位商；转出地“拉力”；产业转移
主要研究结论：本文通过构建面板回归模型分析了机器代工对地区产业“黏性”及其空间转移的影响，并从劳动力价格的角度，探究了机器代工影响制造业地区专门化率是否存在门槛值。研究发现：（1）机器代工改变了制造业生产要素的需求结构和各区域生产要素的匹配效率，缓解了我国制造业发展面临的成本压力，通过增强产业转出地“拉力”，抑制制造业的跨区域转移，表现为机器代工对制造业地区专门化率提升具有显著的正向影响。（2）当劳动力价格达到一定水平后，机器代工才能有效增强产业转出地的产业“黏性”，表现为制造业地区专门化率的提升，进而抑制制造业的跨区域转移。
Research on the influence of industrial obots on the trans-regional transfer of manufacturing industry in China
Ye Tanglin1, Wang Xueying1,2, Liang Xinruo3,4
(1.School of Urban Economics and Public Administration, Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing 100070, China;
2.College of Finance and Economics, Shandong University of Science and Technology,Tai′an 271000, Shandong, China;
3.School of Economics, Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing 100070, China;
4.School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China)
Abstract:The paper analyzes the motivations of industrial transfer from such three forces as the "attractive force" of the place where the industry moves into, the "propulsive force" and "pulling force" of the place where the industry moves out, and it is believed that industrial robots are a typical inward "pulling force" of the place where the industry moves out, which will affect the cross-regional transfer of manufacturing. Based on this, some research hypotheses have been put forward in this paper.
In order to verify the rationality of the hypothesis, on the one hand this paper draws on the measurement method of industrial space transfer by Qin Chenglin and Xiong Xueru (2013), by calculating the location quotient index of the automobile manufacturing industry in 30 provincial-level regions in China from 2008 to 2019, and performing differential processing, we can analyze whether there is a slowdown in the trend of cross-regional transfer in the automobile manufacturing industry. The analysis shows that most of the provincial-level regions in China that have promoted industrial robots on a large scale, their automobile manufacturing industry has undergone a more obvious transition from transfer-out to transfer-in after 2012.
On the other hand, this paper uses China′s provincial panel data and China′s customs import and export data from 2008 to 2019 to construct a panel regression model in order to analyze the impact of industrial robots on the "stickiness" of the regional manufacturing industry and its spatial transfer. And from the perspective of labor prices, it further explored whether there is a threshold value for the specialization rate of the manufacturing area affected by industrial robots. The research draws the following conclusions: (1) Industrial robots has changed the demand structure of production factors in the manufacturing sector and the matching efficiency of production factors in various regions, alleviating the cost pressure faced by the development of China′s manufacturing industry, and by enhancing the transfer of industries. The "pulling force" is manifested in the increase in the specialization rate of manufacturing regions, which inhibits the cross-regional transfer of manufacturing. (2) When the labor price reaches a certain level, industrial robots can effectively enhance the "stickiness" of the industrial transfer area, thereby inhibiting the cross-regional transfer of manufacturing.
Based on the above analysis, this paper believes that promoting the large-scale popularization and application of industrial robots will help China′s manufacturing industry to achieve "labor-saving" and "intelligence" automatic upgrades, and alleviate the development dilemma caused by the gradual disappearance of labor cost advantages, and maintain a dominant position in the "lower competition". In addition, industrial robots have weakened the importance of labor dividends to the spatial layout of the manufacturing industry. The trend of manufacturing to "automation and intelligence" will lead to the large-scale deployment of industrial robots in the manufacturing industry in the future, and the use cost of industrial robots will become an important direction for the manufacturing industry to obtain new comparative advantages.
Further analysis believes that clean energy such as hydropower, photovoltaics, and wind power in the central and western regions of China is extremely abundant, and has a cost advantage in the application and promotion of industrial robots. Coupled with the decline in transportation costs brought about by the continuous improvement of transportation infrastructure, the manufacturing industry that is more dependent on industrial robots in the future has the potential to transfer to the western region. Although the eastern region will also embed industrial robots in the manufacturing industry, its motivation is to strengthen its own resistance to the impact of uncertain factors, obviously different from that of the central and western regions. Therefore, the promotion of the large-scale application of industrial robots in the eastern region should aim at "intelligent" production, promote the deep integration and upgrading of the manufacturing process, improve product quality, seize market opportunities, and promote the overall upgrade of the manufacturing value chain.
Key words:substitution effect of industrial robots; location quotient; "pulling force" of the place where the industry moves out; industrial transfer
引用本文：叶堂林，王雪莹，梁新若.机器代工对我国制造业跨区域转移的影响研究[J].科研管理,2023,44(09):91-98.
转自：“科研管理”微信公众号
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