阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧（1）
理解主旨和要义
——段落大意题和全文大意题
理解语篇的主旨和要义是高考英语阅读理解的考查技能之一。解答这种类型的题目需要考生具备很强的篇章分析能力。从考查的题型类别看，理解主旨和要义的题目一般可分为两类：段落大意题和全文大意题。段落大意题针对语篇的某段或者某几段的主要内容进行提问。全文大意题针对整个语篇的主题进行提问。
下面我们结合高考真题对这两种题型的解题技巧具体说明。↓↓↓
段落大意题
解答段落大意题，最关键的是要找到段落主题句。段落主题句可出现在段首或段尾。这类文章一般段内层次较为分明，多采用“总—分”或“分—总”结构。但有时主题句会出现在段落的中间，这时段落结构一般是：细节—主题—细节。请特别关注段落内起过渡作用的词汇，如however、but、and、also、for example、in conclusion、on the contrary等。
例：（2023年高考英语全国乙卷D篇，保留原题号，下同）
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity's later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. How past events should be presented.
B. What humanity is concerned about.
C. Whether facts speak louder than words.
D. Why written language is reliable.
【分析】第一段包含两句话。第一句引出话题，第二句是段落主题句。根据第二句“Writing is one of humanity's later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.（写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会，不仅用文字，而且也用物品来记录他们的关切。）”可知，人类不仅用语言记载历史也用物品记载历史。即怎样记载历史。与A项意思一致。故选A。
全文大意题
全文大意题考查考生能否分辨主题和细节，是否具有提纲挈领的能力。做这类题时，要求考生能理解全文细节，然后运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑方法对文章进行总结。常用的技巧有：
1. 寻找主题句。文章的主题句通常出现在文章第一段或最后一段，而有些文章需要通过归纳总结每段的段落大意获得主题句。
2. 抓住高频词。选项形式为一两个单词或一个短语时，文中被反复提到的概念或名称多是正确选项。
3. 看选项特点。正确选项通常不含表示绝对意义的词，而且不能只是概括某个细节或表述局部观点，也不能包括文章没有提及的内容。
例：（2022年高考英语全国甲卷C篇）
As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. "I just decided I wanted to go," she says. "I had no idea about what I'd find there and I wasn't nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way."
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. "From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has," Ginni says. "I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater."
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. A childhood dream.
B. An unforgettable experience.
C. Sailing around the world.
D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
【分析】该题目的选项均由三个词或四个词的词组组成，属于高度概括型的选项。通读全文可知，文章是总分总结构，文章第一段第二句“These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget”点明主题。也就是说，文章开篇即介绍了Ginni抵达南极洲时，可爱的企鹅开启了她终生难忘的旅行。下文依次介绍了她去南极洲的原因、时间及其感受等。最后一段升华主题，写出了作者这次南极之行的感悟。因此，B选项“一次难忘的经历”最能概括文章主旨。故选B。
综上，解答理解主旨和要义的题目，需要从分析语篇的写作结构入手，并运用相关语篇知识。同学们应在平时的学习中加强这些能力的训练，以便在考试中做到游刃有余。
转自：“初高中英语学科教研”微信公众号
如有侵权，请联系本站删除！
