考点三：根据上下文推断单词或短语的含义
推断单词的含义
［典型例题］
点拨：根据画线词前的“Thefur trade kept nutria in check for decades”可知，几十年来海狸鼠的数量都因毛皮交易而得到良好控制; 再结合转折词“but”及画线词后的“…multiplied like crazy”可知，后来海狸鼠又泛滥成灾，并可推断出造成这一现象的原因是毛皮交易市场生意惨淡，人们对海狸鼠毛皮的需求下降。由此可猜测，collapse意为“崩溃；暴跌”，与crash意义相近。A项意为“繁荣”；B项意为“发展成熟”；C项意为“维持稳定”，均不符合语境。
［对点练习］
1. 2019年全国Ⅰ卷·25
But he’s nervous.“I’m here to tell you today why you should…should…” Chris trips on the“-ld,” a pronunciation difficulty formany non-native English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support.“…Vote for…me…” Except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech toa nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.
A “除了一些, 克里斯做得非常好。”由前文 “I'mhere to tell you today why you should…should…” 及 “…Vote for…me…”可推知，由于紧张，克里斯在演讲过程中打结巴，出现了多处停顿，而这些停顿显然是不恰当的停顿，故选A。Badmanners(没有礼貌)、Spellingmistakes(拼写错误)、Sillyjokes(愚蠢的笑话)明显不符合语境。
2. (2018年全国Ⅰ卷·29) … In recent centuries, trade, industrialization, thedevelopment of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsoryeducation, especially globalization and better communications in the past fewdecades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominantlanguages such as English, Spanish and Chinese areincreasingly taking over.
根据常识，语言无所谓先进和现代，也不可能因为复杂就可取代别的语言，只有“强大”才可“取代”
C 画线词所在句句意为“……所有这一切都造成了许多语言消失，像英语、西班牙语和汉语这些语言正在越来越多地取而代之。”什么样的语言才会取代别的语言？复杂的？先进的？强大的？现代的？根据常识，语言无所谓先进和现代，也不可能因为复杂就可取代别的语言，只有“强大”才可“取代”。故选C。顺便提提，and在这表示转折或对比，但语气较but或while柔和。
推断短语的含义
［典型例题］2019年全国Ⅰ卷·31
点拨：根据画线词前which引导的定语从句可知，这一非营利性组织的职能是监督动物在电影拍摄等娱乐节目制作的过程中是如何被对待的。由此可推知，此处指今年这一组织正在密切关注2000多个节目的制作过程。故可推断，画线部分意为“密切注意”。A项意为“完整列举”；B项意为“专业指导”；C项意为“成功提升”。因此，A、B、C项均不符合语境。故选D。
［对点练习］
1.(2019年全国Ⅱ卷·25)
“You can use me asa last resort (选择), and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it.” This was anactual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for mykids’ lacrosse (长曲棍球) club.
I guess thatthere’s probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety aroundstepping up to help for an unknown sport.
She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the showand I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on…At thispoint the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.”
由此可推断，划线短语此处应是“动之以情”之意
D 第一段提到一位家长不愿去当志愿者。画线短语前一句提到，这位家长需要说服。下文为了劝服这位家长，作者举了有四个孩子的单亲家长负责演出和一位爸爸指导一个他自己孩子都不在其中的团队的例子，企图用情感打动这位家长。由此可推断, 画线短语此处应是“动之以情”之意, 故选B。A项“鼓励团队合作”、C项“促进良好行为”、D项“提供建议”均不符合语境。
2. (2019年全国Ⅲ卷·26) “China is impossible to overlook,” says Hill. “Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams towomen all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion—they are central to its movement.”
Of course, not only are today’s top Western designers beinginfluenced by China—some of the best designers of contemporary fashion arethemselves Chinese. “Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galliano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs—and beating them hands down in design and sales,” adds Hill.
VeraWang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu在设计和销售方面击败他们
D 由下文的“—andbeating them hands down in design and sales”可知，Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, JasonWu在设计和销售方面击败他们。由此可推断，taking on一词应该是指“与……竞争”，故选D。“向……学习”“轻视；看不起” “和……合作”代入，逻辑不通。
推断句子的含义
［典型例题］2018年全国Ⅲ卷·32
Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why dowe often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings?
The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live morewith less.
点拨：文章首句讲成年人都明白被物体淹没是什么感觉。接着话锋一转“当谈到孩子以及他们的东西时，我们为什么就认为moreis more呢？”然后作者提出：我可以帮我的孩子比我更早学会如何用更少的东西来生活得更好。因此可以推断more ismore的意思是“越多越好”，故选A项。其他选项“适而可止”“越多钱，越忧虑”“赚得越多，花得越多”代入原文，意思不通。
［对点练习］
1. (2017年全国Ⅱ卷·33) Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked…
Some plants pumpout smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pumpout perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.
A 画线处前一句提到一些被袭击的植物发出香味来吸引袭击者的天敌，画线处后一句提到那些本来打算去吃午餐的袭击者变成了午餐，换句话说，这些袭击者就变成被袭击者了。因此选A。
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