用户驱动的重大工程创新生态系统的建构
徐晓丹1,2，柳卸林3，黄斌4，王倩3
（1.中国科学院大学 公共政策与管理学院，北京100049；
2.中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院，北京100190；
3.中国科学院大学 经济与管理学院，北京100190；
4.宁夏鲲鹏清洁能源有限公司，宁夏 银川750001）
摘要：重大工程创新已成为中国产业自主创新的有效模式。本文采用案例研究方法，基于创新生态系统理论的一般分析框架，以神华宁煤400万吨/年煤间接液化示范项目为案例，考察了用户企业以创新生态系统的方式，主导共同愿景下的相关主体参与并协作实现重大工程创新的过程。本文的结论是，在用户驱动的重大工程创新生态系统中，用户的经验积累和参与能力使其能够以编排者、主导者、协同者和互补者的角色推进价值创造活动。本文的创新点在于，在重大工程创新中，终端用户企业特有的应用场景和过程需求有助于重大工程设计、论证、组织和实施。而且，用户企业承载的双重使命，包括政府的公共使命和用户的市场利益，可以更好地融合愿景与价值创造。本文对于重大工程创新组织实践和理论研究具有推动意义。
关键词：重大工程；用户创新；创新生态系统；协同创新
主要研究结论：本文基于创新生态系统理论和重大工程组织实践，从用户主导生态系统创新视角对神华宁煤的煤制油重大工程展开了案例分析。本文得到如下结论。
第一，在用户主导的重大工程创新生态系统中，市场核准条件、采购和招标，基于共同利益建立的联合活动和协调机构是不可或缺的运行机制。第二，重大工程中的用户企业具有双重身份：它既承载国家战略使命，又代表市场前瞻需求。第三，用户的经验积累和参与能力使其能够以编排者、主导者、协同者和互补者的角色推进价值创造活动。
The construction of the user-driven innovation ecosystem of megaprojects
Xu Xiaodan1,2, Liu Xielin3, Huang Bin4, Wang Qian3
(1. School of Public Policy and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
2. Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;
3. School of Economics and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;
4. Ningxia Kunpeng Clean Energy Co., Ltd, Yinchuan 750001, Ningxia, China)
Abstract:Megaproject innovation has become an effective model of independent innovation in Chinese industry. This paper adopts the case study method, based on the general analysis framework of innovation ecosystem theory, and takes Shenhua Coal-To-Oil Indirect Liquefaction Demonstration Project of Four Million Tons Per Year as the case, to investigate the process of user enterprises leading the relevant parties under the common vision to participate in and cooperate in the realization of megaproject innovation in the way of innovation ecosystem.
The conclusion of this paper is that in the user-driven megaproject innovation ecosystem, the experience accumulation and participation ability of users enable them to promote the value creation activities as the orchestrator, collaborator and complementor. In the definition stage, as an ecological organizer, Shenhua defines requirements from the common vision of independent localization of major equipment and materials of coal-to-oil key technologies, so as to clarify the value creation content of each participant in the ecosystem. In this stage, the national leading mechanism is mainly in the design stage. As the ecological leader, Shenhua demonstrates the technology through pre-research and feasibility report. First, in the user-led innovation ecosystem of major projects, market approved conditional procurement and bidding, joint activities and coordination institutions established based on common interests are indispensable operating mechanisms. Second, user enterprises in megaprojects have dual identities: it not only bears the national strategic mission, but also represents the market foresight demand. Third, the experience accumulation and participation ability of users enable them to promote the value creation activities as the arranger leader, collaborator and complementor.
In this stage, the market mechanism is mainly in the construction stage. As an ecological synergist, Shenhua integrates the advantages of the participants in the ecosystem to realize the project-oriented resource integration. This stage is mainly the ecological mechanism. In the commissioning stage, as an ecological complementor, Shenhua solves the challenges in the commissioning process through the technological innovation activities of complementary suppliers and complementors. In this stage, the ecological mechanism mainly needs to be explained. Due to the large scale and complex process of the project and the difficulty of collaboration, the mechanisms used in the life cycle of the project are often overlapping and repeated. In general, different phases of the construction mechanism have different focus.
In terms of theoretical contributions, this paper puts forward the theoretical framework of user-driven innovation ecosystem, and analyzes the case of megaprojects. Based on this theoretical framework, two findings are drawn: First, in the innovation of complex product systems such as megaprojects, the unique application scenarios and process requirements of end users are conducive to the demonstration of megaproject design, organize and implement, and accelerate the innovation process of system participants, especially supplier groups. This is reflected in the ability of leading users to be the first to obtain market access qualifications and lead core technology suppliers with their accumulated experience and capabilities in open innovation cooperation. The joint actions of complementary technology providers based on a common vision not only increase the possibility of users adopting domestic technologies and products, but also provide market opportunities for domestic suppliers to develop and apply new products. It is a value creation activity based on symbiotic relationship, and then drives the co-evolution of relevant participants in the domestic industrial innovation chain with systematic value creation. Second, in the innovation ecosystem of megaprojects, end users bear dual missions. In megaprojects, end user enterprises are often central or state-owned enterprises, which shoulder both the public mission of the government and the market interests of enterprise users. End-user enterprises play the role of system integrator, and the government has a strong guiding role in ecological formation and joint cooperation. Its measures to promote scientific and financial support in the localization of market access conditions directly affect whether end-user enterprises can form an ecosystem around megaprojects and create value.
This paper has promoting significance for the practice and theoretical research of the organization of megaproject innovation. As a megaproject bearing public mission, it has increasingly become an important way to make breakthroughs in industrial technology. How can megaproject technologies and products built by users spread quickly and achieve market benefits? In the early stage, demand incentive measures such as government procurement targeted subsidies given by the government will help the diffusion and application of industrial technology.
引用本文：徐晓丹,柳卸林,黄斌,等.用户驱动的重大工程创新生态系统的建构[J].科研管理,2023,44(7):32-40.
转自：“科研管理”微信公众号
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