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学习“空中课堂”资源,提升课堂话语效益

2022/4/11 17:10:46  阅读:439 发布者:chichi77

集团教师课堂调查显示,教师在课堂话语方面存在一定的问题:老教师课堂用语贫乏,关注课堂推进忽视内容串联;新教师课堂用语丰富,语言难度常常超过学生实际水平;教师课堂话语繁琐冗余,缺乏指向,重点不突出;部分教师使用中文授课等等……面对这样的情况,我们有必要对如何提升教师课堂话语能力进行研究和实践。

学习“空中课堂”资源对于教师在提升教学目标的设定、教学活动的设计等方面起到了积极的作用。同时,通过学习、记录授课教师的课堂话语,提炼这些话语背后的用意和功能,我们深感课堂话语是教师组织教学的重要工具,是引导学生语言习得的重要途径。在市级“空中课堂”优质资源的背景下,集团组织教师对“空中课堂”进行实录,认真学习、研究并实践,取得了一定的成效。

以下主要从“导入语”“指令语”和“过渡语”三个方面呈现我们的学习体会。

01

学习“空中课堂”中的导入语

【问题提出】

集团调研中我们发现不少教师存在课堂导入话语冗长、不击主题的情况。

【学习感悟】

研究“空中课堂”的导入,授课教师主要采用“问题”“”和“复习”三种形式。

01

问题导入

“空中课堂”每节课的开头部分通常只有寥寥数语,却起到了多个重要作用。以六年级第一学期第二单元的五个课时(① 阅读、② 写作、③ 听说、④ 阅读 ⑤ 阅读)为例,基本呈现出“问候——问题导入——介绍上课内容——上课准备”的特点。

第一句话:问候语

Hello, everyone. Welcome to our English class. I’m ... Nice to see you.

第二句话:问题导入

Boys and girls, who is your good friend? What do you always do together?

Boys and girls, what is a good friend?

Boys and girls, ... Do you want to be Friends of the Earth?...

Boys and girls, do you like making friends?...

Boys and girls, what is your good friend like? Is he/she a hardworking student?...

第三句话:介绍课时主要学习内容

Today you’re going to read something about good friends.

Today you’re going to read something about a group of good friends.

Today you’re going to read more about the Friends of the Earth.

Today you’re going to learn something about talking with new friends.

Today you’re going to learn how to write about your good friend.

阅读课型中教师多用“read”,听说课型多用“talk”,写作课型多用“write”。教师所用的话语与课型相关,让学生明确本课时着重解决的问题是阅读、听说还是写作。

第四句话:提醒学生作好学习准备

Before we start our lesson, please make sure you have these things: your student’s book, your notebook, worksheet and pens. Are you ready? OK. Now let’s start.

虽然空中课堂不同教师所使用的话语体系略有差别,但总体思路基本一致。这样的课堂导入话语准确精炼,每句话各司其职,既让学生迅速进入了解课时主题,明确学习内容,又让学生对做好充分的学习准备。

02

导入

Take a look at the pictures. What does ancient Greece make you think of?(9AU1阅读①)

Look at the pictures. What is she doing? ...Now we’re going to read a passage about the girl.(8AU2阅读①)

Look at the picture. What can you see in the picture? Where are Hi and Lo? Are they on the Earth?(8AU6阅读①)

Look at the picture. Do you know who they are? I think you can name them without difficulty.(8AU5听说)

这种导入方式直观、有效,直击主题,充分利用教材本身的素材,引发学生对学习内容的思考。

03

复习导入

In Jon’s letter, he enclosed a photo of himself and some of his friends. And we know the boy in the middle is Jon. What does Jon look like? Can you describe him?(8AU1阅读①)

Since you’re going to pretend to be one of the soldiers hiding inside the horse, let’s take a quick revision of the story, the Night of the Horse.(9AU1写作)

I wonder how well you know the text. Here I have got some questions for you. Don’t worry. They’re quite easy.(8BU6阅读②)

这种导入方式有助于激活学生的已有知识和经验,建立起单元中各版块之间的内在联系,将学生的学习从已有知识和经验迁移到新的语境、话题和知识中。

【教学实践】

我曾在集团范围的研讨课中以“We’ve already learned something about memory in Reading and More practice. Now, we’ll have a revision and answer some questions.”的话语来导入九年级第一学期第五单元的听说课。这样的导入方式,既激活了学生的已学知识,又体现了单元整体设计的思路,凸显了课时与课时之间的关联。

——艺术是感情的表露。

实际上我们穿越大地,实际上我们感受生活。学习像一个印象派画家,从现在开始,张开每一个感觉的毛孔去触碰它。

02

学习“空中课堂”中的指令语

【问题提出】

集团调研显示,有些教师课堂指令随意且不清晰,无法对活动起到有效的组织,学生对学习活动的目的、操作不理解,不明确。

【学习感悟】

通过观摩“空中课堂”,我们深感明确清晰的指令是学生高效完成任务的保证。以六年级第一学期第二单元的部分教师指令话语为例:

Now read the text and find out what it (the text) is mainly about.

Please read and find it out.

Can you read the poem one more time and find other words or sentences that can show Alice’s affection for her friend?

Read the poem again and think about how a poem looks different from other kinds of texts.

Now please read with the recording and feel how the poem sounds.

Now please complete Winnie’s words by using “already”, “just” or “yet” according to the calendar.

黄色部分的文字体现了“途径”,绿色部分的文字体现了“任务”。通过分析发现,授课教师的大部分指令能明确地告诉学生,你可以利用何种载体,通过什么方法去完成此项学习活动。

又如:

Now please listen to the dialogue and find out what they’re really talking about. Take out your worksheet. Finish Task 1.

Now please take out your worksheet. Look at Task 2. Read the poem again, and find the sentences that match the two pictures.

Now please look at Task 3 on your worksheet. Listen to the dialogue again and find out where Winnie has been ... in Garden City.

Open your student’s book and turn to Page 9. Read the poem again and circle the hints.

Now please open your student’s book and turn to Page 11. Please read the dialogue and find out how Winnie tells Alice and Kitty where she hasn’t been.

上述指令中,除了“途径”和“任务”外,蓝色部分的文字还呈现了学生应当在哪里完成这个任务。

通过分析,我们发现规范的课堂指令通常包含两个部分:任务和途径。布置任务就是要让学生知道做什么,是圈划、回答、填表、归纳还是其他任务。告知途径就是提醒学生应当如何完成这个任务,是通过读文本、听对话、看还是其他方式。课堂教学中由于可能存在教材、练习部分和任务单同时使用的情况,有时在指令中还应明确学生需在何种材料上完成此项任务。

【教学实践】

在学习“空中课堂”后,我也更加注重课堂指令的设计。以我一节研讨课(九年级第一学期第二单元Reading第二课时)的部分指令为例:

Now please read the two paragraphs about Damin carefully, and tell me which one is better. It’s on your worksheet, Task 1.

Please read Paragraph 2 carefully and think about the two questions.

Please read Paragraph 3 carefully, and find out what the red words refer to. It’s on your worksheet, Task 2.

Please read paragraph 4 carefully and think about the question.

我不断向“空中课堂”中授课教师的指令语靠拢,让自己的语言精练而清晰,让学生通过我的指令迅速明确任务和途径,较好地提高了课堂效率。

03

学习“空中课堂”中的过渡语

【问题提出】

课堂的过渡语是教师在日常课堂中不太重视的,往往环节一结束就到环节二,缺乏衔接语言的支撑。

——艺术是感情的表露。

实际上我们穿越大地,实际上我们感受生活。学习像一个印象派画家,从现在开始,张开每一个感觉的毛孔去触碰它。

【学习感悟】

“空中课堂”中每节课各环节之间的过渡自然,能够帮助学生对课堂脉络有整体、清晰的认识,有利于学生课堂知识的消化吸收。有时只用一两句话,就起到环节间的自然过渡。学习“空中课堂”后,我们发现授课教师的过渡方式主要有以下几种:

01

归纳式过渡

After the election, they moved on to discuss other things.(8BU4阅读②)

After talking about the patterns of organization, let’s go on with our discussion of the text.(8BU6阅读②)

Besides building characters and showing emotions, dialogue serves some other purposes as well.(9AU1阅读②)

归纳式过渡的特点为:先总结/呼应上一环节(黄色部分的文字),再

开启下一环节(绿色部分的文字)。这种过渡方式常用到after,besides等承接上下部分的连词或介词。

02

问题式过渡

From Paragraph 1, we know Damin is fit and strong. He works with his cormorants. But what do cormorants look like? What are cormorants good at? Please read Paragraph 2 and answer the questions.(9AU2Reading①,段落1到2)

We have learned that cormorants help Damin to fish. Then comes the most confusing part, that is, how Damin fishes with the cormorants. Let’s move on to the next part and find more details.(9AU2Reading①,段落2到3)

You see, to catch fish, Damin and his cormorants do many things. And finally, they share the fish they get. Actually, this is a traditional Chinese skill. What is it called? Read Paragraph 4 and answer these three questions.(9AU2Reading①,段落3到4)

We have listened to Millie’s father’s description of these people. And do you have any ideas how to describe people in such a setting? You can talk about ...(9AU2听说)

问题式过渡是“空中课堂”教学中最常见的过渡方式。上述例子中的黄色部分如From Paragraph 1, we know Damin is fit and strong. He works with his cormorants.为总结上一部分的内容,绿色部分如But what do cormorants look like? What are cormorants good at?是由上一环节引发提问,而蓝色部分如Please read Paragraph 2 and answer the questions.则是进入到下一环节的任务。

问题式过渡的特点为:总结/呼应上一环节,通过问题设置悬念,设定下一环节的学习任务。

问题过渡既是对上一环节的总结,又从中引发出相关问题,让学生得以带着问题进入下一环节的学习。这种方式使教学环节连贯,课堂完整,还保证了学生在学习中连续、深度的思维活动。

03

其他

“空中课堂”还有其他类型的过渡语,比如转折式过渡和引导式过渡等。

在八年级第一学期第二单元Reading的第二课时中,教师使用了“Although Wendy owns a family business, she is still at school.”转折式过渡的方法,说明虽然Wendy拥有一个家庭企业(承接上文),但她归根结蒂还是一名在校的学生(开启下文)。

在六年级第一学期第二单元Writing的教学中,教师使用了“Friends help each other and make each other happy. Now it’s your turn to write something about your good friend.”引导式过渡的方法,由老师带领学生学习过渡到学生自己实践学习。

以上仅列举了部分过渡方式。这些方式保证了环节之间的自然过渡,提升了课堂的流畅度和完整度,保障学生的整体学习。

【教学实践】

仍以我开设的研讨课(九年级第一学期第二单元Reading第二课时)为例。从鸬鹚捕鱼文本的第三段过渡到第四段的解读,我自己在试讲时只用了Now let’s move on to the last paragraph.。

学习“空中课堂”后,我则模仿授课教师的语言采用了如下的过渡方式: As you can see, cormorant fishing is a good example to show the friendly relations between man and nature. Cormorants help fisherman to work easily and improve their working efficiency. That’s why it has a brilliant past.

特别是最后这句话,学生自然地了解后续文本可能涉及的话题内容。比起原先直接从第三段跳到第四段这样碎片化的阅读涉及,这样的衔接既起到了环节与环节之间的过渡作用,又起到了文本与文本之间的过渡作用,逻辑清晰,有助于学生对文本的整体把握。

“空中课堂”的教师话语还有非常多的地方值得我们去学习和研究。在学习并不断实践、反思、总结的过程中,我深刻地感受到教师的课堂话语对学生的学习起到的这种“润物细无声”的作用。

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