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深挖高考〡【答题技巧】如何突破阅读理解细节理解题?(上)

2024/1/22 16:29:06  阅读:59 发布者:

【答题技巧】如何突破阅读理解细节理解题?(上)

从历年高考试题可以看出,细节理解题在英语阅读理解中占比较大,是阅读理解的基础考查题型之一。这种题型要求考生对语篇中的某一特定信息的理解和把握,这些信息通常涉及具体的时间、地点、人物、事件等。下面让我们一起看看如何突破此类题吧!

【阅读理解细节题命题类型】

1.直接信息题

直接信息题指答题信息可以直接从文中获取的一类题型。直接信息题常用特殊疑问词whenwherewhowhatwhyhow等来提问,只要在做题时针对所问内容进行标记,此类型题目很容易找到答案。因此,直接信息题是高中英语阅读理解题目中最简单、最容易得分的题型。

【考例】(2022年新高考I卷,B篇)

25.What is a consequence of food waste according to the text?

A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm.

C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation.

解析:Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.

根据第三段前两句Producing food that no one eats wastes the water an environmental problem.”可知,食物浪费会引发环境问题。故选B

2.归纳概括题

归纳概括题是指在答题时,考生需要对文中两个或多个信息点进行归纳总结概括。

【考例】(2022年新高考I卷,D篇)

32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasis research focus on?

A.Its variety. B. Its distribution.

C. Its quantity. D. Its development.

解析:Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common mand ato the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the worlds languages.

More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as fand v, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.

根据第一段最后一句中的diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds”和第二段最后一句中的“how and why this trend arose.”可知Damián Blasi的研究与人类语音的发展有关。故选D

3.语意转换题

在高考英语阅读理解试题中,如果正确的选项是对文中信息进行了同义的转换,比如用近义词替换原文词语或用近义的短语进行文中信息的替换,我们称之为语意转换题。语意转换题有时候选项与原文语句在表达上存在较大差异,需要进行对比和整理后才能得出正确选项,此类题目相对其他阅读题型而言,难度较大。

【考例】(2022年新高考II卷,A篇)

21. What does a group need to do if they are offered a scholarship?

A. Prepay the admission fees. B. Use the Museums transportation.

C. Take a survey after the visit. D. Schedule their visit on weekdays.

解析:Scholarships

We offer scholarships to low-income schools and youth organizations, subject to availability. Participation in a post-visit survey is required.

Scholarships are for Group Play admission fees and/or transportation. Transportation invoices (发票) must be received within 60 days of your visit to guarantee the scholarship.

根据Scholarships下的“We offer scholarships to low-income schools and youth organizations, subject to availability. Participation in a post-visit survey is required.(我们为低收入学校和青年组织提供奖学金,此奖学金领完为止,并需要其参与参观后调查问卷。)”可知,如果一个团体获得了奖学金,需要再参加一个参观后的调查问卷,与选项CTake a survey after the visit. (接受参观后的问卷调查)”属于同义替换。故选C

4.数字计算题

在高考英语阅读理解试题中,假如在答题时需要考生对文中提供的数字进行简单的计算,我们称这种题目为数字计算题。

【考例】(2022年全国乙卷,A篇)

22. How much would a couple with two children under 12 pay for admission?

A. £4. B. £8. C. £12. D. £16.

解析:Admission

£4.Children under 12 years accompanied by an adult are admitted free.

根据Admission部分的“£4. Children under 12 years accompanied by an adult are admitted free.”可知,大人陪伴下的12岁以下的儿童免费,由此可推知,一对夫妇携带两个12岁以下的儿童,只需支付两个大人的门票即可,即£8。故选B

【阅读理解细节题的选项】

1.正确选项设置特点

1)换词法

对原文句子中的关键词进行近义词或近义短语的替换,把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词,成为正确选项。

2)简化语言法

把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化,成为正确答案。

3)变换语态法

把原文中描述事实的语态进行转化,如原文使用的是被动语态,而在选项中转化成主动语态,使选项成为正确答案,但给考生制造了障碍。

4)正话反说法

把原文中句子的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。

2.干扰项设置特点

1)偷换概念

把原文中关键词或限定词去掉或用其他词进行替换。使干扰选项看似与原文意思接近,实际却大相径庭,看似正确,实际却是错误选项。

2)张冠李戴

本是张三做的事情推到李四身上,如若不够小心就会误选。这时候一定要看清文中与选项中的对象是否—致。

3)把未果当结果

出题人改变文中某句话的时态,如把将来时变成现在时,把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情,把未果当成结果。

4)文不对题

选项中的描述与原文完全一致,的确是原文中的一个细节,它描述的是一个事实,但不符合题目经过推理判断得岀结论的要求。这时候就要回到题干,明确应选择的选项是依据原文所给信息推理判断出来的内容。

转自:“初高中英语学科教研”微信公众号

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