01
名词
1.特殊名词的复数:
child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice,sheep-sheep, species-species, stomach-stomachs, deer-deer, goose-geese,ox-oxen, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese, phenomenon-phenomena, means-means,series-series, crisis-crises, basis-bases, German-Germans, Australian-Australians
2.不可数名词:
advice, baggage, equipment, information, luggage, furniture, fun, weather,knowledge, jewelry, progress, traffic
3.可数不可数均可，但意思不同:
arm手臂,arms武器; good好处,goods货物; green绿色, greens蔬菜; paper纸, papers论文; sand沙, sands沙滩; time时间, times时代; water水,waters水域; wood木材, woods森林; work工作, works著作; experience经验, experiences经历; room空间, rooms房间; exercise锻炼, exercises 练习
4.只有复数形式的名词：
trousers, clothes, socks, shorts, goods, thanks,congratulations, belongings, scissors, glasses, wages工资；riches财富；surroundings环境；ashes灰尘；compasses圆规
5.复数形式，单数意思的名词：
plastics, news, politics, physics, mathematics
6.复合名词的复数形式:
girl-friends, boy-students, women-teachers, men-workers, passers-by,go-betweens, grown-ups
7.谓语动词用复数的名词:
police,cattle, clothes, goods
8.抽象名词具体化为可数名词：
surprise, cold, pleasure, pity, failure, success, worry, honor, must,difficulty, youth, beauty, wonder, danger, interest
9.辅音字母+o结尾复数加-es的名词：
tomato-tomatoes, potato-potatoes, hero-heroes
10.变“f”或“fe”为“v”之后再加-es为复数形式的名词：
wife-wives, life-lives, knife-knives, wolf-wolves, self-selves,leaf-leaves, shelf-shelves, thief- thieves
11.特殊注意的名词:
people (民族,人); nature (自然,特性); man(男人,人类)，youth (年轻人,青年男子,青春)
12.特殊注意的搭配:
congratulations祝贺; have words with sb. 同某人吵架; in high spirits情绪高昂地; give one’s regards to sb.向某人问侯; in rags衣衫破烂; It is good manners to do sth.做……是有礼貌的
02
动词时态和语态
1.常考动词时态：
(1)三个一般：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时；
(2)三个现在：现在进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时；
(3)三个过去：过去进行时、过去完成时，过去完成进行时。
2.现在进行时与频度副词:
与always, all the time, forever, constantly, continuously等词连用，往往表赞扬、埋怨、气愤或厌恶等情绪。He is always thinking of his study.(称赞) He is always making the same mistakes.(批评)
3.某些表动向和起始的动词:
begin, come, go, leave, sail, start, arrive, return, dine, end, stop, depart,open, close等。当其表一个按计划、安排必将进行的动作或出现的状态时(这时都有一个表示未来的时间状语)要用一般现在时代替将来时。I leave for Dalian next Sunday.
4.在时间、真实条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时，(有时也用现在进行时代替一般将来时，显得更确定):
When he comes back, we'll go shopping together.
5.不能用被动语态的几种情况:
(1)所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。
(2)表示状态的谓语动词，如last, hold, benefit, contain, equal, fit, join, mean, look like, consist of等不能用于被动语态中。
(3)表示归属的动词，如have, own, belong to等不能用于被动语态之中。
(4)表示“希望、意图”的动词，如wish, want, hope, like, love, hate等不能用于被动语态之中。
(5)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。
(6)宾语是同源宾语、不定式、动名词等时，谓语动词不用被动语态。
6.主动形式表被动意义:
(1)当feel, look, smell, taste, sound, remain 等后面接形容词时。
(2)当break, burn, cook, cut, drive, eat, iron, keep,play, sell, last, open, shut, wear, wash, write, translate, print, run, read,operate 等词带状语修饰语 well, easily, poorly 等时。
(3)当动词begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, run等表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。
(4)当break out, take place, shut off, turn off, work out等表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。
(5)want, require, need,deserve后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。
(6)be worth doing 用主动形式表示被动含义。
(7)在“be+形容词+to do”中，(常用于此结构的形容词有：difficult, easy, hard, interesting, pleasant, nice,bitter, fit, dangerous, light, heavy, important等)不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动表被动。
(8)某些不定式：to blame, to seek, to let, to rent等与be连用时 The house is to let.这房子要出租。
(9)常见的不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语有：fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice,watch, agree with, arrive at/in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from,happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。
7.被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况:
(1)be seated 坐着。如：He is seated on a bench.(He seats himself on a bench.)坐在凳子上。
(2)be hidden 躲藏。如：He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.) 他藏在门后。
(3)be lost 迷路。如：Unsaved changes will be lost. 未保存的更改将丢失。
(4)be drunk 喝醉。如：He must be drunk, or else he is mad. 他准是醉了，不然就是疯了。
(5)be dressed 穿着。如：The girl was dressed in a red short skirt. 那女孩穿着一条红色的短裙。
注意：be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get married等都属于被动形式表示主动意义的情况。
8.主动变被动时，宾补成主补，作补语的不定式前需用to:
如: He was made to work all day long(by the boss).
9.短语动词变被动语态时，勿丢掉后面的介词:
如：The children were taken good care of (by her).
Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
10.情态动词和be going to, be to, be sure to, used to, have to, had better 等结构变被动语态时,只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be+过去分词。
11.表被动意义的介词短语:
under examination在审查中, under discussion在讨论中, under repair维修中, beyond belief难以置信, beyond one’s control失控, beyond one’s reach鞭长莫及/够不着, for sale出售, for rent出租, in print印刷中, in sight看得见, in use在使用中, out of control控制不了, out of fashion不流行, on sale销售中, on show在展出中, in the charge of受制于, under the leadership of在……的领导下等。
12.“with +宾语+不定式”结构中，不定式用主动式表被动:
With nothing to do, I feel bored.
03
非谓语动词
1.非谓语动词的各种形式：
一般式
完成式
进行式
不定式
主动
to do
to have done
to be doing
被动
to be done
to have been done
to have been doing
ing形式
主动
doing
having done
被动
being done
having been done
过去分词
被动
done
2.非谓语动词的否定形式: 在非谓语动词前加not, never. 即 not / never to do, not / never doing
3.非谓语动词的复合结构:
不定式的复合结构：for / of sb. to do sth.
动名词复合结构：代词宾格或名词所有格+doing (-ing形式作主语时,用代词主格或名词所有格＋doing)
分词独立结构：代词主格或名词+doing /done(句中作状语表时间、原因、伴随、让步、方式等)
4.非谓语动词的做题步骤:
(1)判定是否用非谓语形式。方法：看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词;
(2)找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。方法：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语;
(3)判断主被动关系。方法：非谓语动词与其逻辑主语是主动还是被动关系;
(4)判断时间关系。方法：分析句子，看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。之前且表被动关系常用 done; 之后且表主动关系常用to do; 同时且表主动关系常用doing.
5.不定式符号to 的保留问题:
有时为了避免重复，可以用to 来代替前面的不定式，这种情况出现在下列动词之后：expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget,want, try；或出现在be glad / happy, would like / love 等的后面。如果在省略的不定式结构中含有：be, have, have been，这些词要保留。
6.在there be 结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的事情本身必须被完成，则用被动形式。
如：There is a lot of work to do. (Someone has to do the work.)
There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done.)
注意:下面两个句子的含义的不同
There is nothing to do. (无事可做，感到十分乏味。)
There is nothing to be done. (某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常。)
7.动名词作主语:
动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语，但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。
It is / was no use / good + doing sth.
It is / was not any use / good + doing sth.
It is / was of little use / good + doing sth.
如：It is / was useless 如：It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。
注意:若主语和表语都是非谓语动词，应保持形式上的一致如：Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.眼见为实。
8.分词作状语:
分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致,可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。
如：Hearing the news, they got excited. (时间)
Be careful while / when crossing the street. (时间)
Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened of it. (原因)
Given a chance, I can surprise the world. (条件)
The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces. (结果)
Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. (让步)
The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. (伴随状况)
9.独立成分:
10.不定式作表语:
在seem / appear (似乎,好像), prove/ turn out (被证明是), remain (仍然是,尚待)等连系动词后,可用不定式作表语。如：He seemed (to be ) very happy.
11.动词不定式在介词but, other than 后面时,如果介词之前有行为动词do 的某种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to, 否则就要带to。另外在can’t choose but, can’t help but, can’t but 后面的不定式也要省略to。
如: We could do nothing but / other than wait.
We have no choice but to wait.
I can’t choose but laugh.
04
形容词
far, late, old, bad, ill, many, much, good, well,little
2.只修饰可数名词的有：
few, a few, many, a great/good many, a large number of…
3.只修饰不可数名词的有：
little, a little, much, a large amount of, a great/good deal of…
4.可数不可数都可修饰的有：
a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of,large quantities of
5.be very important= be of great importance
6.只作表语的形容词：
abroad国外的, afraid害怕的, ahead向前的, alike相似的, alive在世的, asleep睡着的, awake醒着的, fond喜欢的
7.习惯后置的形容词:
enough充足的, included包括的, present出席的, left剩下的, involved有关的, abroad国外的, afraid害怕的, ahead向前的, alike相似的, alive在世的, asleep睡着的, awake醒着的, deep深的, long长的, high高的, thick厚的, old老的, thin薄的, wide宽的, narrow窄的, junior年少的, senior年长的
8.形似副词的形容词:
friendly, manly, womanly, brotherly, sisterly, wifely, comradely, husbandly,timely, hourly, daily, weekly, yearly, monthly, quarterly, early, silly, ugly,lovely, likely, lively, lonely, sickly, homely, worldly
05
副词
1.有无-ly意思不同的副词:
wide宽的, widely广泛地; deep深的, deeply深刻地; high高的, highly高度地; direct直接地, directly立刻; close亲近的, closely紧密地; near附近, nearly几乎; hard难, hardly几乎不; most大多数, mostly 主要地; dear可爱, dearly非常; late迟, lately最近; bad坏, badly非常; low低的, lowly卑贱地; fine很好地, finely细微地; easy小心, easily容易地; sharp恰好, sharply急剧地; pretty相当, prettily漂亮地
2.形容词变副词时的拼写变化:
particular-particularly特别的, beautiful-beautifully美丽的, possible-possibly可能的, true-truly真实的, full-fully满的, scientific-scientifically科学的, easy-easily容易的, good-well好的
3.无比较等级的形容词或副词:
alive, asleep, aloud, awake, foreign, main, final, junior, complete,double, square, correct, enough, fearless, alone, total, empty, right, wrong,impossible, favourite, excellent, last, perfect, whole, superior (优越), inferior(较劣的), unique(唯一的), wooden(木制的) , senior(高级的)
06
代词
1.不定代词:
all, any,none, both, either, neither; other, another; some, any; little, few; something,anything, nothing, somebody,one, anybody/anyone, nobody, no one等
2.替代词:
it,one,ones, that, those
3.习惯接oneself的动词:
abandon放弃, absent...from缺席, amuse娱乐, apply应用, carry携带, commit提交, concern关注, conduct表现, content使满足, devote奉献, dress穿衣, enjoy享受, excuse借口, feel感觉, forget忘记, help帮助, hurt伤害, lose…in使沉溺于, pride… upon以自豪, shave刮胡子, suggest建议, value...on重视…
4.相互代词:
each other, one another
5.指示代词:
this, that, these, those, such, same
6.复合不定代词被形容词所修饰时，形容词须放在它们的后面。
如：nothing wrong没有毛病
7.whatever, whoever,whichever等词可引导名词性从句,也可引导表示让步的状语从句。
8.this和that有时作状语用，表示"程度"，意谓"这么"和"那么"。如：this thick这么厚, that much那么多
9.少数前有冠词的代词:
the other, the others, a few, a little
10.常用于“疑问词+不定式”结构的动词:
advise建议, answer回答, ask问, beg乞求, consider考虑, convince说服, decide决定, discover发现, doubt怀疑, explain解释, find找到, forget忘记, guess猜, hear听到, imagine想, know知道, learn学习, persuade说服, pray祈祷, promise承诺, remember记得, remind提醒, see看到, show显示, suggest建议, teach教, tell告诉, think认为, understand理解, want想要, warn警告, wire拍电报, write写, wonder想知道
07
从句
1.名词性从句:
当从句的结构与意义都完整，说话人语气坚定用that，有疑问用whether/if
当从句的结构完整，意义不完整，缺状语用where,when,why,how, 缺定语用whose或which
当从句的结构不完整，缺主宾表，说事用what，说人用who, whom
2.形容词性从句(定语从句):
当从句的结构不完整，缺主宾表，说事用that /which，说人用that/who/whom
当从句的结构完整，意义不完整，缺状语用where(in/on+which), when(in/on/at/during+which), why(for+which)
当从句的结构不完整，缺定语用whose(=of which/whom +the+n. = the+n.+of which/whom)
3、副容词性从句(状语从句):
时间状语 when, whenever, while, as,before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than, the moment, the second, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly
地点状语 where, wherever
原因状语 because, as, since, now that
条件状语 if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that
目的状语 so that, in order that, for fear that
结果状语 so…that, such…that
比较状语 than, as…as, not so/as…as, the more…the more
方式状语 as if, as though, as
让步状语 though, although, even if,even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, whenever
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