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文章该怎么写-Paragraph and connectives

2024/6/26 9:40:04  阅读:34 发布者:

我们开始讲解段落和连接。

什么是段落呢?

段落是一篇文章的基石,宏观来看,文章就是由一个又一个的段落组合起来的。微观来看,段落是一个句子群,这个句子群可以自成一个主题,围绕着一个中心思想进行描述;也可以是很长一段文字的其中一部分,为了阅读的舒适性,人为地分成几个段落。

本文主要说一下第一种情况,一个段落自成一个主题。这种情况下,段落的构成比较清晰明了,按照模板来说就是分为三部分:

第一部分,主题句:陈述段落大意。

举个例子:

比如说你想写一篇关于的文章,开始先写一个主题句:

“When it comes to animals, dogs are a great pet.”

这样你提起了一个话题,这个话题不仅涉及到,而是要谈论是什么特质造就了这个物种成为一个很棒的宠物。

主题句的作用是,点明主题和限制讨论的范围。此话怎讲?看这个例子的解释。

“dog” 显然是这个主题要讨论的内容,那么讨论的具体内容是什么呢?是 “are great pet”, 也就是说,下面的句子要围绕着 一个很棒的宠物这个话题来讨论,而不是谈论 “dog” 到底有多少个品种, “dog” 的生活习惯怎样,等等其他关于 “dog” 的事情。

所以说,主题句要简明扼要,直接点题,并且不必陈述过多和主旨没有联系的内容。

第二部分,支撑句:进一步发展观点。

接着这个例子来看。

Dogs can help both disabled people and children with their daily life.

Because dogs are so active, they can be great buddies for exercise.

There are many different dogs from the really big to the small ones.

You can train your dog yourself or send it to school in order to make it obedient.

上述四个陈述句有助于解释为什么狗是很棒的宠物。它们分别可以成为一个很好的句子,但因为他们有一个共同的话题,dogs are a great pet,因此他们结合在一起便可以构成一个段落。

作为支撑句,可以涉及以下方面的描述:

解释原因

举例说明

陈述事实

统计数据

引证文献

第三部分,结束句,结束段落的结尾,让读者记住重要的一点。

在你完成了用语句充实你的主题之后,你必须得出一个结论。一款简单的结论有助于重申你的主题句你提出的观点。

“Dogs are loyal and reliable animals that people have kept as pets for hundreds of years.”

现在你已经结束了这一段,你所要做的就是把它整理在一起。当你将这些句子连接起来,就形成了一个完美的段落。

关于这个结束句,还有一些要说明的是:不是每一个段落都需要这么一个句子。但是对于特别长的段落。 它是非常有必要存在的,原因如下:

1. 它标志着段落的结束

2. 总结了段落的要点

3. 对你的话题作最后的评论,让读者思考最重要的想法。

好了,我们来总结一下吧。

“When it comes to animals, dogs are great pets. First of all, dogs can help disabled elderly people and children with their daily life. In addition, because dogs are so active, they can be great buddies for exercise. Furthermore, there are many different dogs from the really big to the small ones. Finally, You can train your dog yourself or send it to school in order to make it obedient. Dogs are loyal and reliable animals that people have had as pets for hundreds of years.”

主题句+支撑句+结束句。

上面的这个段落是一个基本段落的简单例子。你有一个主题句来介绍你所要谈论的,然后通过支撑句中的陈述的事实和信息,来丰富你的主题。之后,你要做的就是写一个结论,重申你的主题并且宣告段落结束。

还有两个关键点要特别说明一下。第一,段落写作要保持统一性,一段中只有一个主要概念,主要思想是在主题句中陈述,然后每一个支撑句来支持这个观点;第二,还要保持一致性,支撑句要复合主题思想的逻辑要求,并且使用一些过渡信号来使这个逻辑更加清晰,如上述例子中的划线部分,这样读者可以很清晰地感受到你想表达的意思。

过渡信号就像桥梁,它们使你的句子和段落流畅地连接在一起,之间没有突然的跳跃或中断。过渡信号是连接单词或短语(可以参考我们上次文章的介绍),加强你写作的内在凝聚力。本作者也顺便总结了一下,作为基本模板贡献给大家。

用于归纳总结

o finally

o in conclusion

o ultimately

o in summary

o to summarize

用于举例说明

o take the case of

o for example

o for instance

o in this case

o to demonstrate

用于澄清时间顺序

o first

o next

o last

o first of all

o since then

用于比较

o on the one hand

o conversely

o while

o whereas

o similar to

用于对比

o in contrast

o on the other hand

o unlike

o on the contrary

o differing from

o however

用于说明结果

o as a result, (of this)

o consequently

o as a consequence

o therefore

o thus

用于添加另一个想法(信息)

o in addition

o furthermore

o besides

o further

o moreover

好吧,下面看一个学术上的例子,请按照模板来分析一下。

Our study had limitations. First, due to the standard of reference used, differentiation between peripheral and transitional zone tumors was not possible, which may have led to over- or underestimation of diagnostic performance. Second, non-standardized reporting may have had a negative effect on diagnostic performance and interreader agreement. Third, the readers in our study were experts with several years of experience in reading multipara metric MR images of the prostate, and therefore, the results might not be applicable to other less-experienced radiologists. Fourth, the study results were achieved by using an endorectal coil and a field strength of 3 T.  Finally, the retrospective nature of the study design must be recognized as a limitation.

虽然作为短段落并没有总结句,但这一段这就是很典型的按照套路出牌的写法,一直都在围绕limitation来写。

不按套路出牌有可能出现一些错误,比如在一个段落中加杂不相关的加句。这可能是一个大问题,它会使整个段落读起来不清不楚并且没有重点。看下面的这个例子,其中划线的句子一看就是画蛇添足的。

“San-Francisco is a great city to live in. Not only is San-Francisco very large, but there are many people who live in it. You can find different kind of jobs in San-Francisco. San-Francisco has really amazing weather and amazing food as well. The weather in New York is good too, but it snows a lot there. If you want to live in a great cityyou should think about moving to San-Francisco.”

关于纽约天气好的说法在这一段不太合适,如果你是准备谈论不同地方的天气,或者是在讨论旧金山的天气和其他城市相比有多好,那可能就比较合适了。

切记在段落内要紧密围绕主题展开。对于写作逻辑特别差老是跑题的,其实可以通过做写小的文章甚至是做presentation来自我练练习:

参见广为人知的The holy grail of presentation training :

Tell them what you are going to tell them.

Tell them.

Tell them what you told them

虽然看上去像是三句废话,但这确实让你迅速入门的最简单逻辑了。

今天主要想讲的问题就说清楚了,总结一下写段落的模板就是:总--总,将主要内容按照一定的逻辑顺序整理好,并且不写和主题不相干的内容。

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