与汉语中用时间副词的表达不同,英文用同动词的变位来表达动作发生的时间和执行情况,即通过同一动词的不同形式表达动作发生在过去、现在、将来,以及动作是正在进行还是已经完成。
时态的使用是以中文为母语的写作者,在进行英语写作时非常困惑的问题,本文总结了论文不同部分的常用时态,供参考。
1. 摘要(Abstract)
摘要最常用的时态是一般过去时,不用完成时。例如:
例1:The effect of sulfidation on the reactivity of ZVI was studied in batch systems.
例2:All the kinetic data were described by a first-order model.
2. 前言( Introduction)
前言一般包括很多内容。研究背景中一些被广泛认同的论点应该采用一般现在时(例3);研究的重要性和研究目的也应采用一般现在时(例4)。
例3:Water chemistry provides information for rector design.
例4:The purpose of this study is to report innovative approaches for data analysis.
对于文献结果的总结,有一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时三种。一般现在时用于作者本人认为文献报道的情况仍然适用于当前的研究(例5);一般过去时用于之前研究结果的客观总结(例6);现在完成时的肯定形式表示研究结果报道的是可信的内容,足以作为本研究的基础,否定形式一般用于表示某方面的研究较少(例7)。
例5:Pollution of Huangpu River is very serious.
例6:A previous study concluded that enhanced reduction of A was due to rapid oxidation of B.
例7:A lot of research has been conducted on the reaction rate of ZVI, but the relationship between reaction rate and electron efficiency has not been widely addressed.
3. 材料与方法
( Materials and Methods)
这部分的时态较为简单,由于描述的是过去的动作,所以应使用一般过去时,注意不使用完成时(例8)。
例8:Samples were taken at given time points.
特别地,如果描述文中的图表的,应用一般现在时(例9)。
例9:The experimental setup is schematically illustrated in Figure S1.
4. 结果与讨论
(Results and Discussion)
一般来说,描述实验结果的用一般过去时,解释结果的语句用一般现在时(例10)。但如果作者认为提出的解释仅仅适用于该次实验,用一般过去时(例11)。
例10:As the results were not consistent with those at lower temperature, it is possible that the catalyst can be deactivated at high temperature.
例11:Inconsistent results were obtained under this condition, which was due to sampling method employed in this study.
文中图表的描述应用一般现在时(例12)。
例12:Figure 3 shows the kinetic data.
5. 结论(Conclusion)
结论中用一般过去时表达本文的结果,用一般现在时表达未来的研究方向(例13)。
例13:This study found that this method can accelerate contaminant removal. Further studies are necessary to reveal the involved mechanisms.
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