摘要是科技论文中至关重要的部分，它不仅是整篇论文的精华，也是作者科学研究工作的浓缩总结。作为论文的开篇，摘要不仅提供了整篇论文的概览，更是引导读者快速了解研究目的、研究方法、研究结果和结论的关键。通过阅读摘要，读者可以迅速掌握论文的核心内容，从而判断是否值得阅读全文。那么，究竟如何才能写好一个吸引人的摘要呢？让我们通过几个例子一起来寻找答案吧！
摘要-5部法
麻雀虽小，五脏俱全。作为全文的缩影，摘要涵盖文章的引言、材料与方法、结果、讨论以及结论五大部分。
实例分享1
Selenium increased arsenic accumulation by upregulating the expression of genes responsible for arsenic reduction, translocation, and sequestration in arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2022, 56, 14146−14153.
引言
Selenate enhances arsenic (As) accumulation in As hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata, but the associated molecular mechanisms are unclear.
材料与方法
Here, we investigated the mechanisms of selenate-induced arsenic accumulation by exposing P. vittata to 50 μM arsenate (AsV50) and 1.25 (Se1.25) or 5 μM (Se5) selenate in hydroponics. After 2 weeks, plant biomass, plant As and Se contents, As speciation in plant and growth media, and important genes related to As detoxification in P. vittata were determined. These genes included P transporters PvPht1;3 and PvPht1;4 (AsV uptake), arsenate reductases PvHAC1 and PvHAC2 (AsV reduction), and arsenite (AsIII) antiporters PvACR3 and PvACR3;2 (AsIII translocation) in the roots, and AsIII antiporters PvACR3;1 and PvACR3;3 (AsIII sequestration) in the fronds.
结果与讨论
The results show that Se1.25 was more effective than Se5 in increasing As accumulation in both P. vittata roots and fronds, which increased by 27 and 153% to 353 and 506 mg/kg. The As speciation analyses show that selenate increased the AsIII levels in P. vittata, with 124-282% more AsIII being translocated into the fronds. The qPCR analyses indicate that Se1.25 upregulated the gene expression of PvHAC1 by 1.2-fold, and PvACR3 and PvACR3;2 by 1.0- to 2.5-fold in the roots, and PvACR3;1 and PvACR3;3 by 0.6- to 1.1-fold in the fronds under AsV50 treatment. Though arsenate enhanced gene expression of P transporters PvPht1;3 and PvPht1;4, selenate had little effect.
结论
Our results indicate that selenate effectively increased As accumulation in P. vittata, mostly by increasing reduction of AsV to AsIII in the roots, AsIII translocation from the roots to fronds, and AsIII sequestration into the vacuoles in the fronds. The results suggest that selenate may be used to enhance phytoremediation of As-contaminated soils using P. vittata.
实例分享2
Applying cadmium relative bioavailability to assess dietary intake from rice to predict cadmium urinary excretion in nonsmokers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 6756−6764.
引言
Dietary Cd intake is often estimated without considering Cd bioavailability.
材料与方法
Measured urinary Cd for a cohort of 119 nonsmokers with rice as a staple was compared to predicted values from rice-Cd intake with and without considering Cd relative bioavailability (RBA) in rice based on a steady state mouse kidney bioassay and toxicokinetic model.
结果与讨论
The geometric mean (GM) of urinary Cd and β2-microglobulin was 1.08 and 234 μg/g creatinine. Applying Cd−RBA in foods to aggregate Cd intake (41.5 ± 12.4, 48.0 ± 9.3, 48.8 ± 21.3% for rice, wheat, and vegetables), rice was the largest contributor (71%). For 63 participants providing paired urine and rice samples, the predicted GM of urinary Cd at 4.14 μg/g based on total Cd in rice was 3.5 times that of measured value at 1.20 μg/g, while incorporating Cd−RBA to assess rice-Cd intake made the two closer with GM at 1.07 μg/g. The cohort findings were extended to a national scale, with urinary Cd for nonsmokers from rice Cd intake was mapped at province/city levels after considering rice Cd−RBA.
结论
Therefore, incorporating Cd bioavailability to assess dietary Cd intake is a valuable tool to accurately estimate human Cd exposure and associated health risk.
实例分享3
Arsenic-induced up-regulation of P transporters PvPht1;3-1;4 enhances both As and P uptake in As-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata. J. Hazard. Mater. 2022, 438, 129430.
引言
Plants often up-regulate the gene expression of P transporters under P deficiency, but down-regulate under arsenic stress. Different from other P transporters, PvPht1;3 and PvPht1;4 from As-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata are efficient in taking up both P and As.
材料与方法
This study examined the mechanisms behind As-induced up-regulation of P transporters in P. vittata after exposing to 10-50 µM arsenate (AsV) for 14 d under hydroponics, with non-hyperaccumulator P. ensiformis as a control.
结果与讨论
Under As stress, P. vittata was more efficient in taking up both As and P than P. ensiformis, showing 48-84% more P concentrations in the fronds and roots, leading to 18-79% greater biomass. Moreover, under 50 µm AsV, the P taken up by P. vittata was mainly retained in the roots to counter As toxicity, with its ratio of inorganic P to total P in the roots being reduced from 27% to 6%. Though As enhanced P uptake by P. vittata, it was likely that under As stress, more P was utilized by P. vittata to counter As toxicity, leading to inorganic P level in the roots. Further, some P taken up by P. vittata was converted to phytate-P in the biomass, increasing by 26-75% from 239-713 to 418-1221 mg/kg, helping maintain low inorganic P levels. Under As-induced low inorganic P conditions, the expression of P transporters PvPht1;3 and PvPht1;4 were up-regulated by 1.4- and 2.7-fold in the roots, helping greater As and P uptake by P. vittata.
结论
Clearly, As-induced up-regulation of P transporters in P. vittata played a critical role in taking up both As and P, thereby increasing its efficiency in As-hyperaccumulation from contaminated media.
除内容完整外，其语言表达也要注意：
描述清晰，详略得当。首先，用两三句话阐明论文研究的背景与方法；随后，着重介绍文章中的重要结果和讨论；最后，一两句话概括总结，得出结论。根据期刊的要求，摘要字数一般不超过250个单词。
语言简洁，通俗易懂。要尽可能减少术语的使用，让不同领域的读者也能轻松读懂；对于摘要中首次出现缩写，需先用全称表示，如实例中的geometric mean (GM)、arsenate (AsV) 等。
有理有据，量化信息。摘要不仅要客观反映原文的内容，还需要巧妙运用重要数据，强调研究中的创新之处和关键发现。通过具体的数值量化信息，能够帮助读者更加直观地了解文章的结果和结论。
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