Materials and methods
作者可通过定义、描写、说明、举例、实验、论证、比较、分析综合、判断推理等不同的方式来证实在引言中所提及的主题，阐明研究是怎样完成的。
常用表达手法介绍：
1. 定义、描述
2. 推导、实验方法
3. 实验步骤
4. 示例、图示
1.术语定义、对象描述
描述
The theory is characterized by …
该理论具有„特点。
The fundamental feature of this theory is as follows.
该理论的基本特点如下。
Our system uses a … framework.
我们的系统采用„构架。
„ is composed of the following main parts: …
„由下列主要部分构成：„
Our algorithm consists of two parts, a … and a …
我们的算法由两部分构成，一个„和一个„
„ consist mainly of … but also include … , …, and …
„主要由„构成，但也包括„、„和„
„ has two key components: a specification of …, and the … algorithm.„包含两个关键部分：一个关于„的规范，还有一个就是„算法。
定义
„ is called …„叫作„
It is called … in physics.
它在物理学上被称为„
This equation is known as … law.
这个等式被叫做„定律。
Here, the term "…" just refers to a …
在这里，“„”一词仅指一个„
We may refer to such a cell as a …
我们可以把这样的单元称为„
We will consequently refer to it as …
由此，我们将它称为„
Such indicator functions are referred to as … instead of … throughout the rest of the paper.
在论文的其余部分，这样的指示函数被称为„，而不是„。
The objective function, later referred to as …, is as follows. 目标函数，在下文中被称为„，形式如下。
2.推导、实验方法
This formula is verified by …
公式通过„验证。
Substituting … in/into …, we obtain/have/get …
将„替换进„，我们得到„
Substituting … in/into … gives/yields/results in …
将„替换进„，产生„
Let us now consider the case where …
让我们来思考一下„的情况。
Suppose that … is a solution of …
假设„是„的解。
If m=1.2, then we have the following equations:
如果m=1.2，可以得到下列等式：
Given that m=1.2, we obtain …
假设m=1.2，可以得到„
The relationship between … and … is as follows:
„ 与„之间的关系如下：
To eliminate such possibilities, we implemented a …
为了消除这种可能性，我们实现了一个„
„ is determined by using the …
通过„来确定„
„ is assigned to …
将„赋予„
The sections were rinsed to remove …
清洗截面，以去除„
The … from each section were removed.
去除每个截面上的„
Five … were selected at random.
随机挑选五个„
3.实验步骤
The procedure we followed can be briefly described as …
我们所采用的步骤可以简单地这么说，„
The steps taken are: …
所采用的步骤是：„
The experiment consisted of three steps, which are described in …
实验包括三步，在„中描述。
The algorithm has four steps.
算法分成四步。
The Viterbi algorithm has three steps: initialization, induction, and termination and path-readout.
韦特比算法分三个步骤：初始化、推导、终止和路径读出。
The typical MUC system goes through roughly these steps: …
典型的MUC系统大致要经过这些步骤：„
After … is done by …, a … step is applied to … „
做完„后，要进行„步骤，以„
The second step is to perform …
第二步是进行„
Second came the … phase.
第二步是„阶段。
The last step is to …
最后一步是„
Lastly came the … phase, which involved …
最后一步是„阶段，这一步包括„
4.示例、图示
As shown in Table 3, …
如表三所示，„
As can be seen from the data in Table 1, …
正如表一中的数据所示，„
As described in Figure 3.2, …
正如图3.2所示，„
The … coefficient varies with the shape of the object (see Table 1).
„系数随物体的形状而异（参见表一）。
Here are few examples to illustrate this principle.
略举数例，用以说明这一原理。
A simple example will serve to illustrate the point.
一个简单的例子可以说明这一点。
The above diagram serves to illustrate the principle of …
上述图表是用来说明„的作用原理的。
We illustrate this method with an example of a small project. 我们举一个简单的工程任务的实例说明这一方法。
The following example will illustrate a typical method for solving such problems.
下面举一个解决这类问题的典型方法的例子。
To illustrate my point I have done a comparative analysis.
为说明我的观点，我做了对比分析。
To illustrate the foregoing analysis, consider a …
为了举例阐明以上的分析，我们考虑一种„
We now illustrate the entire procedure in solving a … problem. 我们现在来举例说明解一个„题的全部过程。
Those are expressly designed to illustrate …
那些是用来说明„的巧妙想法。
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