各种“恢复”
医学英文论文里常常要表达“恢复”这个意思,但在不同场景下,“恢复”的内涵是不一样的,所用的英文表达自然也不同。
之前我们谈过在各种情况下“恢复”的英文表达,今天我们再补充完善一下。
recover
1)recover可以表示“(从疾病中)恢复过来”,通常是不及物动词,比如:
The patient recovered from the illness.
The patient recovered from the procedure without any complications.
这种情况下,recover的主语一般是病人,而不是疾病,我们一般不说:The wound recovered after treatment,而应该是:The wound healed after treatment.
2)另外,recover还有“收回”、“失而复得”的意思,所以也可以用来表示“恢复了(某种功能或能力)”,这个时候recover是及物动词,主语一般也是病人,比如:
The patient recovered his ankle function.
The patient recovered his intellectual abilities.
recover的名词形式是recovery,在使用的时候要注意后面的介词。
当recovery后面接from的时候,比如:recovery from depression,对应的是不及物动词recover,相当于recover from depression。
当recovery后面接of的时候,比如:recovery of memory,对应的是及物动词recover,相当于recover memory。
convalesce
convalesce的意思和用法相当于不及物动词recover,表示“(从疾病中)恢复过来”,不过convalesce更加强调“修养”、“康复”,比如:
The children were convalescing from severe malnutrition.
The patients were convalescing from extensive surgical procedures.
convalesce的名词形式是convalescence,和rehabilitation类似,表示“康复”、“恢复期”,比如:
We recommended some exercise during convalescence from surgery.
另外还有convalescent,既可以作名词也可以作形容词。
convalescent作名词时表示康复中的病人(A person recovering from illness),更多的时候是形容词(of convalescence or convalescents ),比如:康复护理(convalescent care)、疗养院(convalescent home)。
recuperate
recuperate和recover类似,既可以用作不及物动词,表示“(从疾病中)恢复过来”,比如:
The majority of patients recuperated well.
Most patients recuperated from surgery at home.
也可以用作及物动词,表示“恢复了(某种功能或能力)”,比如:
Most of the patients recuperated visual acuity.
The patients recuperated the autonomy of walking.
regain
regain相当于及物动词recover,表示“重获或恢复(某种功能或能力)”,比如常见的恢复意识:regain consciousness.
get back
get back可以表示恢复到(原来的状态)或恢复(某种功能或能力),比如:
We tried to help patients get back to pre-injury status.
Patients got back their working ability.
get over
get over本身有“克服”的意思,可以表示(从疾病中)恢复过来,比如:
The patients got over the pulmonary infection.
restore
restore 表示恢复了对方的(功能),比如:
This therapy restored the patients' ankle function.
不能说:This therapy recovered the patient’s ankle function.
但可以这样来表达:This therapy helped the patients recover their ankle function.
restore和及物动词recover的区别在于,前者的主语是治疗方法,而recover的主语是病人。
resume
resume表示“重新开始”,与restart类似,常常用来表示“(治疗或某个过程)恢复了,既可作为及物动词,也可作不及物动词。比如:
Targeted drugs may be discontinued and resumed in case of recurrence.
Follicular maturation resumed after discontinuation.
return
return强调“回到(原来或正常状态)”,可以用来表示“恢复正常”,比如:
The ankle function returned to normal.
resolve
中文:3级毒性作用恢复到了2级。
英文:Grade 3 toxicity resolved to grade 2.
以上情况不能用recover,recover表示“恢复”的时候主语一般是“人”,而这里的“恢复”是减轻的意思,用resolve比较合适。
像return、lessen、subside等词在意思上也说得过去,但是和toxicity搭配不如resolve多见,大家也可以自己搜索验证。
在说疾病、症状、毒副作用的“恢复”时,一般都是指“减轻”、“缓解”、“消退”,常用resolve,此外,subside、heal、improve、lessen、ease、relieve、alleviate、reduce、mitigate等词也都可以视情况选用,具体哪种搭配更常见可以搜索验证。
关于这些词的用法,可以参考:几个关于主动语态和被动语态的坑
再看一个比较长的例句:
Chemotherapy was interrupted in the face of grade III toxicity and resumed at full doses if symptoms resolved to grade 0 or I within 24 h, at 50% of the original dose if toxicity resolved within 7 days and definitively stopped in all other cases. For grade IV toxicity, chemotherapy discontinuation was planned with only RT resumed after resolution to grade 0–I.
这句话里出现了前面说的resume,表示恢复治疗,是相对interrupted 和 discontinuation而言的。
resolution是resolve的名词形式,也表示毒性作用的级别降低。
这也体现了在英文里,同样的意思喜欢用不同的词来表示,从而减少重复。
参考:
https://www.englishforums.com/English/ConvalesceVsRecuperate/bvwvn/post.htm
https://wikidiff.com/convalescent/recovery
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0923753419476771
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