Introduction的中文一般译作引言。引言的目的在于阐明论文的主题，并提供科学问题的相关背景。或许，introduction是最难写的部分了吧。引文写的好不好，直接影响整篇论文的可读性。通常也是花最多写作时间的部分。参考文献引用数量一般也是全文中最高的部分。
完整的引言一般包含五个部分：
1. general statement（交代研究大背景）
2. specific aspects（前人关于此文论题的具体研究）
3. the gap（冲突：前人研究的不足和需要解决的问题）
4. thesis statement（交代论文的主旨）
5. value or justification（论文的价值或者意义）
这五个环节构成沙漏状的形态，首先从大话题一步步叟笑到具体问题，再从gap处笔锋已转，引出本文主题，再最主题进行进一步阐释。
接下来，我们细分每个部分进行讲解。如果嫌弃太枯燥的小伙伴，也将会错过写作句式大放送。
1. general statement
这一部分是要交代研究大背景，到底是多大的背景呢？这具体要取决于论文的目标读者群和论文希望发表的期刊。一般而言，期刊读者群越宽泛，这部分的介绍也要更宽泛，举个例子。假如，我要发一篇Nature，就可以以生物领域内的常识性话题开头，而如果我要发一篇Genetics，就可以以遗传学常识性话题开头。但是这个规律也不见得是放之四海皆准的。有的文章会根据自身论题的大小来调整引言开篇的幅度大小。如果我做的内容比较窄，那么我的论文开篇也不宜太大，否则不好收回来。
如何表达众所周知。
It is well established (accepted) /it is known to all/ it is commonly known that (众所周知)
There is no denying that...
It is generally accepted/believed that...
2. specific aspects
这一部分主要是列举前人的研究成果，包含大量的引用，可能会延续好几个段落。学术论文汗牛充栋，要将本领域相关的研究都引用一遍是不可能的，因此，你需要择优选用，并进行适当的归类。值得引用的研究应当和下面的gap部分呼应，这就好比卖关子，把历代武林高手各门功夫夸上一通，再指出他们的致命弱点，最后亮出自己的招数，瞄准这个弱点，将他们一一打趴下。
这里小编教你一招，引用论文的时候不能够原文摘录，要进行彻底改写，避免抄袭。概括他人研究常用的动词是：agree, argue, assert, assume, claim, conclude, demonstrate, describe, develop, emphasize, illustrate, infer, note, notice, outline, postulate, question, report, show, support, identify, present, summarize, clarify, detail, discuss, explain, propose, provide, ...
描述具体的研究常用的动词是conduct, undertake, perform, apply, assess, calculate, compare, compute, derive, design, determine, develop, evaluate, explore, implement, investigate, measure, model,
常用句式：
如何表述xx在很多文献中已经讨论过了。
There has been a large number of studies on ..., especially of ...(前人)
Recently, there has been growing interest in / concern about ...
Recently, there have/has been extensive/increasing/numerous publications/literature/reporting on ...
Researchers have become increasingly interested in...
Researchers have recently focused their attention to ...
... has been intensively investigated.
This was demonstrated in a number of studies ...
Much work so far has focused on ...
Considerable research efforts have been devoted to ...
如何表达分歧。
... is still matter of debate.
Some authors pointed out that... Other authors proposed that ... Alternatively, it has been suggested that...
... first reported by ... is much debated.
Although considerable progress has been made, this has been accompanied by much debate.
It is an open question if...
有时，会引用作者过去的研究。
Recently, we showed that...
In the past 10 years/ since the early 1990s, we have ...
3. Gap
这是沙漏结构中承上启下的关键部分。这个部分营造冲突和紧张气氛，总结性地指出前人研究的不足和需要解决的问题。在有的paper中，此部分可能和specific aspects部分融合在了一起。而对于比较长的引文，gap可以单独成句成段。这部分内容也常用however等作为开头。
句式：
A major disadvantage of all ... methods of ... is ..., so methods that ... are desirable. （指出需求，引出下文）
Although ... limit rests on ..., it is not an fundamental limit. （提示：前方高能，即我们可以解决这个limit）
... studies, however, are limited by ...
However, it remains unclear whether...
There is thereby an urgent need but it is still a significant challenge to ...
... has not yet been realized.
However, data is still sxarce/rare/less accurate. We need to /aim to/have to provide more documents/data/records/studies.
Previous research has failed to consider/ignored/misinterpreted/neglected to/overestimated/underestimated/ misled. Thus, ...
thesis statement & value or justification
这部分内容就是交代本文希望发表的结果，通常以here开头。我们报道了一种新方法、新结果、新模型...，能够解决...gap，我们的结果对...有重大的意义（justification）。注意，如果你想在此处分点列举自己研究的创新性，数字要加括号，否则会被认为是数学意义的数字，外国人常用的分点列举是用(i), (ii), (iii), ...
Here/In this article, we describe/show/report/present
The purpose of the article is (to solve the challenge problem)
We aim to ...
This paper provides/reports on/focuses on
小tips
1 连词和副词的使用
大部分关联词从语法上可以分为连词（conj.）和副词（adv.），这两类词的使用方法有所不同，需要留意。连词for，and，not，but，or，yet，so建议不要出现在句首（尽管在非书面语中有一些出现在句首的表达法），而副词可以出现在句首。以下是一些逻辑关系的连词和副词。小伙伴们注意连词和副词的使用方法。比如副词后面跟名词、动词不定式等。
“SCI新手写作常过度依赖and和however，而忽视了其他逻辑关系。”
2 追求简洁
SCI属于科研文章，要求逻辑和简洁，建议删除冗余表达，将超过三行的句子拆分为短句，下面是一些例子。
转自：“科技学术写作”微信公众号
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