Science, 29 JUL 2022, VOL 377, ISSUE 6605
《科学》2022年7月29日，第377卷，6605期
材料科学Material Science
Inactive (PbI2)2RbCl stabilizes perovskite films for efficient solar cells
非活性(PbI2)2RbCl稳定钙钛矿薄膜高效太阳能电池
▲ 作者：YANG ZHAO, FEI MAZIHAN QU, SHIQI YU, TAO SHEN, HUI-XIONG DENG et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abp8873
▲ 摘要：
在卤化物钙钛矿太阳能电池中，二次相过量碘化铅(PbI2)的形成对功率转换效率(PCE)有一定的积极影响，但会损害器件的稳定性，并在电压扫描时造成较大的滞后效应。
通过RbCl掺杂，我们将PbI2转化为非活性(PbI2)2RbCl化合物，有效地稳定了钙钛矿相。基于此方法，我们获得了FAPbI3钙钛矿太阳能电池，其认证功率转换效率PCE为25.6%。在储存1000小时后，器件保留了96%原始功率转换效率PCE值，在85°C下进行500小时热稳定性测试后，保留了80%原始功率转换效率PCE值。
▲ Abstract：
In halide perovskite solar cells the formation of secondary-phase excess lead iodide (PbI2) has some positive effects on power conversion efficiency (PCE) but can be detrimental to device stability and lead to large hysteresis effects in voltage sweeps. We converted PbI2 into an inactive (PbI2)2RbCl compound by RbCl doping, which effectively stabilizes the perovskite phase. We obtained a certified PCE of 25.6% for FAPbI3 (FA, formamidinium) perovskite solar cells on the basis of this strategy. Devices retained 96% of their original PCE values after 1000 hours of shelf storage and 80% after 500 hours of thermal stability testing at 85°C.
Ion-modulated radical doping of spiro-OMeTAD for more efficient and stable perovskite solar cells
spiro-OMeTAD离子调制自由基掺杂钙钛矿电池
▲ 作者：TIANKAI ZHANG, FENG WANG, HAK-BEOM KIM, IN-WOO CHOIN et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo2757
▲ 摘要：
我们开发了一种新的spiro-OMeTAD掺杂方式，通过使用稳定的有机自由基作为掺杂剂，离子盐作为掺杂调制剂，避免了氧化后的问题。
我们实现了大于25%的能量转换效率，并大大提高了恶劣条件下的设备稳定性。自由基提供的空穴极化子可以瞬间增加电导率和功函数（WF），而离子盐通过影响空穴极化子的能量学进一步调节WF。
这种有机半导体掺杂方式可以将导电性和功函数WF可调性解耦，可以激发其他光电器件的进一步优化。
▲ Abstract：
We developed a new doping strategy for spiro-OMeTAD that avoids post-oxidation by using stable organic radicals as the dopant and ionic salts as the doping modulator (referred to as ion-modulated radical doping). We achieved PCEs of >25% and much-improved device stability under harsh conditions. The radicals provide hole polarons that instantly increase the conductivity and work function (WF), and ionic salts further modulate the WF by affecting the energetics of the hole polarons. This organic semiconductor doping strategy, which decouples conductivity and WF tunability, could inspire further optimization in other optoelectronic devices.
DNA-guided lattice remodeling of carbon nanotubes
DNA引导的碳纳米管晶格重构
▲ 作者：ZHIWEI LIN, LETICIA C. BELTRÁN, ZEUS A. DE LOS SANTOS, YINONG LI et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo4628
▲ 摘要：
在此，我们报告一种采用鸟嘌呤碱基的DNA序列特异性交联化学的解决方案。通过DNA筛选，我们确定了一个序列C3GC7GC3，与(8,3)对映体反应产生最小的无序诱导拉曼模式强度和光致发光Stokes位移，表明有序排列的晶格缺陷的形成。
冷冻电子显微镜显示C3GC7GC3-(8, 3)具有有序的DNA螺旋结构，其螺距为6.5 Å。反应机理分析表明，这种螺距是由一系列g修饰的碳-碳键沿着螺旋线按固定距离分离而成的。我们的发现可能用于纳米管晶格重构以获得新的电子特性。
▲ Abstract：
We report a solution using DNA-directed, guanine (G)-specific cross-linking chemistry. Through DNA screening we identify a sequence, C3GC7GC3, whose reaction with an (8,3) enantiomer yields minimum disorder-induced Raman mode intensities and photoluminescence Stokes shift, suggesting ordered defect array formation. Single-particle cryo–electron microscopy shows that the C3GC7GC3 functionalized (8,3) has an ordered helical structure with a 6.5 angstroms periodicity. Reaction mechanism analysis suggests that the helical periodicity arises from an array of G-modified carbon-carbon bonds separated by a fixed distance along an armchair helical line. Our findings may be used to remodel nanotube lattices for novel electronic properties.
Nanosecond protonic programmable resistors for analog deep learning
用于模拟深度学习的纳秒质子可编程电阻
▲ 作者：MURAT ONEN, NICOLAS EMOND, BAOMING WANG et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abp8064
▲ 摘要：
在这项工作中，我们生成了硅兼容的纳米级质子可编程电阻，其在极端电场下具有非常理想的特性。
这种操作机制使质子在室温下以一种节能的方式在纳秒内受控穿梭和插入。该装置具有对称、线性和可逆的调制特性，多个电导状态覆盖20× 动态范围。
因此，全固态人工突触的时空能量性能可以大大超过它们的生物对应物。
▲ Abstract：
In this work, we generated silicon-compatible nanoscale protonic programmable resistors with highly desirable characteristics under extreme electric fields. This operation regime enabled controlled shuttling and intercalation of protons in nanoseconds at room temperature in an energy-efficient manner. The devices showed symmetric, linear, and reversible modulation characteristics with many conductance states covering a 20× dynamic range. Thus, the space-time-energy performance of the all–solid-state artificial synapses can greatly exceed that of their biological counterparts.
地球科学Earth Science
Constraints on the adjustment of tidal marshes to accelerating sea level rise
潮汐沼泽调节对在海平面加速上升的制约因素
▲ 作者：NEIL SAINTILAN, KATYA E. KOVALENKO, GLENN GUNTENSPERGEN et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo7872
▲ 摘要：
珍贵的潮汐沼泽生态系统在面对相关海平面上升时的脆弱性仍然存疑。先前对海平面上升的恢复力的评估显示，根据当代或全新世的地质数据的不同，沼泽可以通过沉积物的增加和海拔的增加来调整海平面上升的恢复力结果也截然不同。
通过分析当代的全球数据，我们发现沼泽沉积物的增加与海平面的上升是对等的，这似乎证实了之前所说的沼泽恢复力。然而，地基沉降量随吸积量呈非线性增长。因此，沼泽高度的增加受到海平面上升的限制，而出现的下降与全新世对潮汐沼泽脆弱性的观测结果一致。
▲ Abstract：
Much uncertainty exists about the vulnerability of valuable tidal marsh ecosystems to relative sea level rise. Previous assessments of resilience to sea level rise, to which marshes can adjust by sediment accretion and elevation gain, revealed contrasting results, depending on contemporary or Holocene geological data. By analyzing globally distributed contemporary data, we found that marsh sediment accretion increases in parity with sea level rise, seemingly confirming previously claimed marsh resilience. However, subsidence of the substrate shows a nonlinear increase with accretion. As a result, marsh elevation gain is constrained in relation to sea level rise, and deficits emerge that are consistent with Holocene observations of tidal marsh vulnerability.
生物学Biology
Pollinators of the sea: A discovery of animal-mediated fertilization in seaweed
海洋授粉者：海藻中动物介导受精的发现
▲ 作者：E. LAVAUT, M.-L. GUILLEMIN, S. COLINA. FAURE et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo6661
▲ 摘要：
长期以来认为海洋中不存在动物授粉的观点在最近的海草研究中遭到了反对，这促进了其他对海洋动物的研究。这在红藻中尤其相关。在红藻中，雌性配子没有解放，雄性配子没有鞭毛。
利用等足类动物Idotea balthica和红藻Gracilaria gracilis的实验，我们证明了生物相互作用通过动物运输体内的精子显著提高了藻类的受精成功率。这一发现表明，动物介导的受精可能在陆地和海洋环境中独立进化，并增加了在植物上岸之前在海洋中出现的可能性。
▲ Abstract：
The long-held belief that animal-mediated pollination is absent in the sea has recently been contradicted in seagrasses, motivating investigations of other marine phyla. This is particularly relevant in red algae, in which female gametes are not liberated and male gametes are not flagellated. Using experiments with the isopod Idotea balthica and the red alga Gracilaria gracilis, we demonstrate that biotic interactions dramatically increase the fertilization success of the alga through animal transport of spermatia on their body. This discovery suggests that animal-mediated fertilization could have evolved independently in terrestrial and marine environments and raises the possibility of its emergence in the sea before plants moved ashore.
转自：科学网
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