论文写作应当思路清晰、简明扼要、层次恰当，以便读者能够立即理解你想表达的意思，而科技论文写作中造成读者理解困难的最常见的语法、结构和文体问题包含以下几点：
1. Faulty comparison：不完整、含糊的比较。
Our conclusions are consistent with Tamseela et al. → Our conclusions are consistent with the conclusions of/those of Tamseela et al.
We found more fertilized eggs in buffer A compared to buffer B. → We found more fertilized eggs in buffer A than in buffer B. [使用比较级词语时，用 “than”；注意这里重复使用了“in”，目的是保持平行结构]
KD increased over time compared to KA. → KD increased over time, but KA did not. [避免“compared to” 与 “decreased” 或 “increased” 一起使用，造成语义模糊]
2. Noun cluster：两个或更多的名词排列。
cultured rat tracheal endothelial cells → cultures of endothelial cells from the tracheas of rats
3. Undefined abbreviation：正文中出现不加定义的非规范缩写。
4. Inconsistent key term：使用互不联系的不同术语表示同一含义。
5. Long sentences：使用太多的长句。
6. Nominalization：使用名词替代更积极、有趣的动词。
Measurement → measure
7. Redundancy：用不同的方式重复表述同样的事情，或不必要的使用长的短语。
the majority of → most
reduced to dryness → dried
utilize → use
其他一些冗长的例子（括号中的词均属多余）。
(already) existing | (basic) fundamentals |
cold (temperature) | (currently) underway |
each and every [choose one] | estimated (roughly) at |
first (and foremost) | (main) essentials |
period (of time) | (still) persists |
at (the) present (time) | blue (in color) |
(completely) eliminate | each (individual) |
(end) result | (final) outcome |
(future) plans | never (before) |
可以简化的短语。
Avoid | Better | Avoid | Better |
a considerable number of | many | utilization | use |
an adequate amount of | enough | with reference/regard to | about (or omit) |
an example of this is the fact that | for example | with respect to | about |
as a consequence of | because | with the exception of | except |
at no time | never | due to the fact that | due to |
based on the fact that | because | during the time that | while, when |
by means of | by | first of all | first |
despite the fact that | although | for the purpose of | to |
in light of the fact that | because | has the capability of | can, is able |
8. Faulty verb tense：错误的动词时态。
9. Unspecific word choice：用词不准确或不清楚。
The sample was incubated for several hours. 应给出数量值 (several hours → 24 hours)
Nests were observed frequently for signs of predation. 应给出具体数据(frequently → every 12 hours)
10. Faulty reference：正文中参考文献的位置错误、误引、不准确引用或漏引。11. Faulty structural element：必要的要素缺失、位置错误或模糊（如：没有阐述实验的目的、数据不加解释、缺少结论）。
其他一些常见用错的词汇：
significant(ly)
只有在谈论统计学的重要性时才使用，而且要给出P值（P value），否则只能用important, substantial, markedly, meaningful或notable.
Southern blotted → 正确用法应为：analyzed by southern blot
Western blotted → 正确用法应为：subjected to western blot analysis或analyzed by western blot
electrophorized → 正确用法应为：analyzed by/subjected to electrophoresis
vortexed → vortex只能以名词形式存在，应改为was mixed by vortex
此外，要谨慎处理语言表述：
避免性别歧视。
A nurse should double-check her IV settings. → Nurses should double-check their IV settings.
减少病耻感(stigma)的语言注意事项。
糖尿病患者 diabetic/diabetes patients → Person/People with diabetes
控制control → manage
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