如何避免无意间的抄袭？
世界医学编辑协会(WAME)将抄袭/剽窃定义为：“未经署名或许可，使用其他已发表或未发表的想法或文字或其他知识产权，并以新的、原创的形式呈现，而不是源自现有来源。”
有些抄袭是作者故意窃取他人的成果，而有些抄袭却是作者粗心大意导致的。对于这类作者，在做研究时要注意：
▼记录研究中每一条信息来源。包括书籍、期刊文章，网站，杂志文章，以及视频；
▼正确的改写或引用信息来源，并添加自己的想法；
▼在参考文献列表中注明原作者；
▼在提交之前使用查重软件。
什么时候需要引用？
当作者在撰写正文的过程中需要使用别人的作品时，必须清楚、正确地引用这些内容，以表明它们不是自己的原创作品。以下几种情况必须要引用：
▼ 表明权威支持自己的观点；
▼ 提出批评或评论的立场或论点；
▼ 具体提到另一个人的工作；
▼ 无法转述或概括的话。
同时，一些情况不需要引用。例如人们普遍接受的政治、文学和历史事件的日期或本专业里为广大读者所熟知的事实或方法。
正确引用的写作指南
有三种办法：直接引用，或者用自己的话来表达原文中的信息。后一种方法包括改写(Paraphrasing)和总结(summarizing)。接下来具体讲讲三种引用形式的写作方法。
关于直接引用
直接引用需要在手稿中不加改动的引用原文措辞，并使用“”或缩进引文（如果引用一段较长的段落）。除引号或缩进外，所有引用材料也应使用脚注、尾注等。
Menand (2002) characterizes language as “a social weapon” (p. 115).
关于改写引用
改写一般有三个步骤：
▼ 熟读原文，确保理解它的意思；
▼ 然后将它放在一边，回忆它的内容；
▼ 用自己的话把写下来，或者给其他人转述。
以下是一些改写策略。注意，一定要在理解原文的前提下用自己的话表述，不能只是简单的换几个词或者调个顺序就将原文“搬过来”。改写后依然要引用。
改变语法结构
原文: Minority groups in the United Stateshave been hit hardestby the epidemic. African Americans, who make up 13 percent of the U.S. population, accounted for 46 percent of the AIDS cases diagnosed in 1998.
改写: The AIDS epidemic has mostly affected minorities in the United States. For example, in 1998, less than 15 percent of the total population was African, but almost half of the people diagnosed with AIDS in the United States that year were African America (Jenson, 2000).
这里采用了不同的语法结构表达“百分比”。
改变词性
原文: Medical professor John Swanson says that global changes are influencing the spread of disease.
改写: According to John Swanson, a professor of medicine, changes across the globe are causing diseases to spread (James, 2004).
“……说” 表达成 “根据……”，“spread”由名词变为动词。
使用同义词
原文: The U.S. government declared that the AIDS crisis poses a national security threat. The announcement followed an intelligence report that found high rates of HIV infection could lead to widespread political destabilization.
改写: The government of the United States announced that AIDS could harm the nation's security. The government warned the population after an important governmental study concluded that political problems could result from large numbers of people infected with HIV (Snell, 2005).
不改变原文含义的情况下用同义词组（最好是不同语法结构）替换。例如，“构成……威胁”换为“对……造成危害”更好，而不是只把“构成”或者“威胁”简单的换成其他词语。
改变语序
原文: Angier (2001) reported that malaria kills more than one million people annually, the overwhelming majority of them children in sub-Saharan Africa.
改写: Every year, more than a million people are killed by malaria, and most of the victims are children who live in sub-Saharan Africa (Angier, 2001).
包括将主动语态转为被动语态或者将修饰语移动到不同的位置。
关于总结引用
与改写引用类似，总结引用也是用自己的话重述一篇文章或段落。然而，总结只是重述了原文的要点，比原文短得多。可以用几句话总结整篇文章或一本书。一个有效的总结不仅报告了原信息，而且还简明地指出了这些想法是如何联系的，以及它们为什么重要。
原文
Before 1994, diabetes in children was generally caused by a genetic disorder – only about 5 percent of childhood diabetes cases were obesity-related, or Type 2, diabetes.
Today, according to the National Institutes of Health, Type 2 diabetes accounts for at least 30 percent of all new childhood cases of diabetes in this country.
Not surprisingly, money spent to treat diabetes has skyrocketed, too. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that diabetes accounted for $2.6 billion in health care costs in 1969. Today’s number is an unbelievable $100 billion a year.”"Don’t Blame the Eater,” David Zinczenko.
无效的罗列式总结
The author says that only 5 percent of children had Type 2 diabetes before 1994. In addition, they mention that today at least 30 percent of new childhood diabetes cases in the USA are Type 2. They also say that more money is being spent to treat diabetes now - $100 billion a year.
只用“作者说”，“他们说”的句式罗列观点。没有任何作者的想法，也没有将观点联系起来。
有效的总结
In author's article “Don’t Blame the Eater,” David Zinczenko supports their position on the fast food industry by comparing today’s rates of Type 2 diabetes to those prior to 1994. David makes it clear that instances of Type 2 diabetes have increased dramatically, as has the cost of preventing the spread of this disease.
对原文进行了深入思考和总结，并进行评价。
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