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摘要：描述观点的重要性
1. One of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philosophy is ......
2. It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the .....
3. X is the leading cause of death in western industrialised countries.
4. X is a common disorder characterised by ......
5. Xs are one of the most widely used groups of antibacterial agents and ......
摘要：强调该研究领域的一个重要问题
1. However, these rapid changes are having a serious effect ......
2. However, a major problem with this kind of application is ......
3. Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.
4. Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks:
5. However, research has consistently shown that first year students have notattained an adequate understanding of ......There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ......
描述方法：描述不同的方法请输入标题
1. To date various methods have been developed and introduced to measure X:
2. In most recent studies, X is measured in four different ways.
3. Radiographic techniques are the main non-invasive method used to determine ....
4. Different authors have measured X in a variety of ways.
5. Previous studies have based their criteria for selection on ......
解释为何采用一个特殊的方法
1. The semi-structured approach was chosen because ......
2. Smith et al (1994) identify several advantages of the case study, .......
3. It was decided that the best method to adopt for this investigation was to ......
4. A case study approach was chosen to allow a ......
5. The design of the questionnaires was based on ......
讨论：背景信息
1. A strong relationship between X and Y has been reported in the literature.
2. Prior studies that have noted the importance of ......
3. In reviewing the literature, no data was found on the association between X and Y.
4. As mentioned in the literature review, ......
5. Very little was found in the literature on the question of .....
讨论：陈述结果
1. The results of this study show/indicate that .......
2. This experiment did not detect any evidence for ......
3. On the question of X, this study found that ......
4. The current study found that ......
5. The most interesting finding was that ......
结论：概括内容
1. This paper has given an account of and the reasons for the widesspanad use of X ......
2. This essay has argued that X is the best instrument to ......
3. This assignment has explained the central importance of X in Y.
结论：重申研究目的
1. This study set out to determine ......
2. The spansent study was designed to determine the effect of .......
3. In this investigation, the aim was to assess ......
4. The purpose of the current study was to determine ......
5. This project was undertaken to design ...... and evaluate .....
参考文献：相关文献概览
1. A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ......
2. There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of ......
3. The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ......
4. The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.
5. What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how ......
参考文献：以往研究或学术活动相关文献
1. Many historians have argued that ...... (eg. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994)
2. Numerous studies have attempted to explain ..... (for example, Smith , 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002)
3. Recent evidence suggests that ....... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001)
4. Recently, in vitro studies have shown that T.thermophylus EFTu can ...... (Patel et al., 1997;Jones et al., 1998).
5. Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that ......
文章重点：当前理论存在的问题、局限性
1. One question that needs to be asked, however, is whether ......
2. A serious weakness with this argument, however, is that ......
3. One of the limitations with this explanation is that it does not explain why...
4. One criticism of much of the literature on X is that ......
5. The key problem with this explanation is that ......
文章重点：研究方法存在的问题、局限性
1. Another problem with this approach is that it fails to take X into account.
2. Perhaps the most serious disadvantage of this method is that .....
3. Difficulties arise, however, when an attempt is made to implement the policy.
4. Nevertheless, the strategy has not escaped criticism from governments, agencies and academics.
5. One major drawback of this approach is that ......
描述实验方法：强调一个特殊的方法
1. Article references were searched further for additional relevant publications. Articles were searched from January 1965 until April 2008.
2. Publications were only included if .......
3. X was spanpared according to the procedure used by Patel et al. (1957).
4. The synthesis of X was done according to the procedure of Smith (1973).
5. X was synthesised using the same method that was detailed for Y, using ......
描述实验方法：描述样品的特性
1. The initial sample consisted of 200 students of whom 13 did not complete all of the interviews
2. All studies described as using some sort of X procedure were included in the analysis.
3. A systematic literature review was conducted of studies that .....
4. All of the participants were aged between 18 and 19 at the beginning of the study.....
5. Two groups of subjects were interviewed, namely X and Y. The first group were ......
描述实验过程：目的不明确
1. In order to identify the T10 and T11 spinous processes, the subjects were asked to ......
2. In order to understand how X regulates Y, a series of transfections was performed.
3. To enable the subjects to see the computer screen clearly, the laptop was configured with ......
4. To see if the two methods gave the same measurement, the data was plotted and ......
5. To control for bias, measurements were carried out by another person.
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