动词短语如分词短语、不定式短语、动名词短语以及省略主语的从句做修饰语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语要一致（即相同、统一），避免出现悬垂修饰，指句中修饰语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，即修饰语与句子主语无相关性。但可以使用独立结构成分，它是位于句首用来修饰整个句子而不是句中某个部分的修饰成分，完全独立，其形式不受句中任何部分所制约。
1. 悬垂分词
●Using our method toestablish bi-level optimization model of robust design，the preferencesof f and Δf aregiven in Table 1.
●Referring toEq.(12)and Eq.(14)，the overall power output from batteries Pb can be shown as follows.
两句中的现在分词Using和Referring的主语指人（作者），与句子的主语preferences和output不是同指，形成悬垂分词修饰。句一可改为：Using ourmethod to establish bi-level optimization model of robust design，we give thepreferences of f and Δf in Table 1. 句二可改为：Referring to Eq.(12)and Eq.(14)，we can express theoverall power output from batteries Pbas follows.
●Comparing to ant colonyoptimization(ACO)，max-min ant system(MMAS) has three differences as follows.
此句中的现在分词Comparing为悬垂分词，若改为过去分词Compared，则分词的主语与句子的主语max-minant system就一致了，避免了悬垂分词修饰。
●When confronted with theselimitations，the experimentswere discontinued.
此句中的过去分词confronted的主语指人，与句子的主语experiments不是同指，形成悬垂分词修饰。可改为：When confrontedwith these limitations，wediscontinued the experiments.
“based on”是英文表达中常用的短语，使用不当会出现悬垂分词修饰。例如：
●Based on fastcorresponding，ageneralrequirement modeling method is proposed.
此句虽不存在悬垂修饰，但based on使用不当。此短语只限于修饰与其紧邻的先行词，故此句表示成了“based on…”修饰“…method”，即“…method based on…”，与本意“basedon…”修饰“…is proposed”相违背。可改为：On the basis of fastcorresponding，ageneralrequirement modeling method is proposed. 或改为：Ageneralrequirement modeling method is proposed based on fastcorresponding.
●So based on constitutiveequations，theinvestigation of lead-free soldered joints properties underthermal loading become a major concern.
此句错将“basedon…”表示成修饰“the investigation…”，与本意修饰“become”相违背）。可改为：So，on the basis ofconstitutive equations，theinvestigation of lead-free soldered joints properties under thermal loading becomea major concern. 但不可改为：So the investigation of lead-freesoldered joints properties under thermal loading become a major concern basedon constitutive equations. 这样修改后，“based on…”就修饰concern了。
●Based on customerrequirements，we makethe modularization configuration，establish the semantic networkdescription of configuration knowledge and gain the product structure tree thatsatisfies the customer requirements.
此句based on的主语与句子的主语we不一致，形成悬垂分词修饰，可将basedon改为Basingour decision on.
●Based on the fuzzinessof design process，theopen-loop rigidity reasoning systems that are primarily logic reasoning areexpanded to the recursive close-loop flexible reasoning systems to revise thereasoning results based on practical instance.
此句第一个Based on使用不当，改为Onthe basis of即可。
2. 悬垂不定式
2. 悬垂不定式
2. 悬垂不定式
●To demonstrate the proposed method，the designof the two-bar structure acted by concentrated load is presented.
●To overcome the deficiencies in the methods of gaining anddescribing the requirement information，a requirementinformation cell(RIC) method for describing general requirementinformation is investigated.
两句中不定式短语“Todemonstrate…”和“To overcome…”分别修饰句子的主语design和method，但demonstrate，overcome的逻辑主语应该是人，而不是design，method，都形成悬垂不定式修饰。第一句可改为：Todemonstrate the proposed method，we presentedthe design of the two-bar structure acted by concentrated load. 第二句可改为：Toovercomethe deficiencies in the methods of gaining and describing the requirementinformation，we investigateda requirement information cell(RIC) method for describing generalrequirement information.
3. 悬垂动名词
2. 悬垂不定式
2. 悬垂不定式
●After determining the mapping of Ai from L1 to Lp，the next array dimensioncan be processed in the same way.
此句介词After引导的是带有动名词determining的修饰性短语，此短语的主语应是句子的主语dimension，但dimension无法执行determining这个行为，形成悬垂动名词修饰。可改为：Afterdetermining the mapping of Aifrom L1 to Lp，we canprocess the next array dimension in the same way.
4. 悬垂省略主语的从句
2. 悬垂不定式
2. 悬垂不定式
●When developing a new product，right knowledge maybe got from repository or expert by designers.
此句逗号前面的部分为省略主语designers的从句，被省略的这个主语与逗号后面的主句的主语rightknowledge不一致，形成悬垂省略主语的从句修饰。可改为：When developinga new product，designers can getright knowledge from repository or expert. 或改为：When designersdevelop a new product，they can getright knowledge from repository or expert. 或改为：When designersdevelop a new product，rightknowledgecan be gotten from repository or expert.
●When simple，we cansolve this type of problem quickly using the direct method.
此句的When simple是省略主语thistype of problem的从句，被省略的这个主语与主句的主语we不一致，形成悬垂省略主语的从句修饰。可改为：When simple，this type of problem canbe solved quickly by using the direct method.
5. 独立结构成分
独立结构成分
2. 悬垂不定式
2. 悬垂不定式
●When necessary，the solutionswere deaerated by bubbling nitrogen.
●Judging from the spectral changes，exhaustivephotolysis of compound 4 had occurred.
●Assuming that distance d is induced by the norm，M is asymmetrical and positively defined matrix.
在SCI论文中，独立结构成分中经常出现的引导性词有assuming，taking，concerning，considering，failing，given，judging，provided，providing，regarding等。
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