论文写作上,许多牛人都给出了各自的经验,我虽然发表过许多论文,但是真正自己写的并不多,所以也无所谓有价值的经验,尤其是英文的基础十分不够,看看论文找点毛病的尚可应付,真的让我写篇论文,感觉仍然是非常痛苦的工作。
不过写论文我觉得首先要在战略上藐视。首先我们知道写论文不是写作文,一般可以有比较充分足够的时间,也就是说论文可以慢慢磨,慢慢修改;论文属于应用文,不是文艺创造,本质上只要将问题讲清楚,分析清楚,就可以满足需要;论文是八股文,每个部分都有大概的框架结构,又有大量其他学者发表的论文作为参考,如果把论文的各个部分分解开,就相对比较容易克服了。后面是一家论文修改公司转发的资料,我觉得非常不错,放这里给大家参考。
其中关于讨论部分的分析更有参考价值,专门点评一下。
讨论包含四个小内容:
一、围绕结果进行分析;
二、对研究进行扩展讨论;
三、研究存在的不足;
四、研究结论。
Discussion部分最重要,也最难写,是大家最容易犯错的地方。即使是对一些发了很多文章的老教授来说,这部分仍然是块硬骨头,尤其是top paper,Discussion 非常重要,因为评阅你paper的人,都是世界顶级的大牛。
关于Discussion部分的写作,要注意以下几个方面:
首先,不要过多重复结果。Discussion 不能过多地罗列和重复结果部分的内容,这是常犯的错误,因为感觉没什么可说的,就重复结果来充数。讨论部分可以就你的实验结果论述与你的结果密切相关之研究的现状以及存在的一系列问题,以及你的工作是解决哪一部分问题。
其次,需要有延伸。关键是提供很多结果部分不能体现的信息,如你的工作的长期效应、潜在效应、与他人工作的比较,相同之处、不同之处、你的优势和特色。
最后,尽量不要忽视自己研究存在的不足。你的结果存在的问题、局限性及其原因、将来可以改进的地方等等。可以就你实验中得到的跟预期不一致的interesting的结果简单讨论一下可能的原因。对一些top的paper来说,你research中的一些问题是很难躲得掉的,还不如主动提出讨论,变被动为主动。
讨论开始,可以开门见山:“Here, we describe....”或“In this paper, we show that.... Importantly, ..., suggesting...”
下面是一些常用的短语和句式:
“Overall, our studies establish the...”;
“Although there are important discoveries revealed by these studies, there are also limitations. First, ... Second, ... Third, ... Fourth, ... Last, ... Overall, ...”;
“Furthermore, our results suggest that...”;
“Our results suggest a possibility of...”;
“One important future direction of ...is...”;
“To this end, we show that...”;
“However, none of these approaches to date holds the...”;
“Our studies serve as a proof-of-concept that...”;
“This could explain why...”;
“Alternatively,... may be operative...”;
“Thus, future iterations of ... may in fact demonstrate even greater potency.”;
“On the other hand, the lack of...”;
“In summary, we have identified...”;
“Our results confirm that...”;
“These studies thus offer a new strategy to treat...”
论文其他部分的写作要点如下:
1. Abstract
整体要求简练,言简意赅,因为绝大部分journal对Abstract都有字数限制,一般150~250 words. 先简单描述一下自己工作的前沿背景,几句话,然后引出自己的实验(“In this paper...”; “Herein...” or “Here, we...”),主要陈述实验结果,可稍带提一下所用到的重要方法的名称,然后说明你的结果的意义“These data suggest...”;最后总结拔高“In a word,...”or “In summary,...”.
2. Introduction
描述跟本实验相关之研究的现状及存在的问题,自然的过度到本实验的意义和重要性。“Although..., there are still... so far”“Here,for the first time, we have used...”。如果你前面已发过相关的文章,要插入引用一下“We recently showed that...”或“Our previous studies have shown that.... These results verify that...”“Here...”“ To explore this hypothesis, we generated...”.写好Introduction需要有大量的参考文献做基础,摘取短语、词组、句子进行reorganize。调节好前后句子的逻辑顺序及衔接。
3. Materials and Methods
这部分可以从别的文章摘到现成的方法描述,加以改造,替换成自己的实验条件,变成自己的表达方式,近几年journal对抄袭句子的现象抓得特别严,多注意。太复杂的经典方法,可以简单描述后加上参考文献“Briefly, ... [ref]”;也可以直接引用参考文献“The...method was performed as described previously [ref]”.
4. Results
这一部分很重要。要按照一定的逻辑顺序进行organize,结果描述要准确、专业,一些重要的数据可以放在结果部分的文字描述中,如IC50、EC50、抑制百分率、P值等等。
这部分不能像Introduction那样写太多理论性的东西。每段的开头或一些连接的地方可以简单地用一些理论性的或总结性的句子。在陈述本实验操作和看到的结果和表面现象时用过去时态,陈述不以人的意志为转移的规律、结论性的内容时用一般现在时。一些常用的短语及句式有:
“In order to prove..., we used...”;
“We have set up...”;
“To demonstrate..., we further...”;
“Consistently/Consistent with...”;
“Compared with...”;
“Thus, at current time, we have evidence that...”;
“We next characterized...”;
“We found that...”;
“We have noticed that...”;
“It is known that...”;
“So we introduced... In our study...”;
“In contrast...”;
“These data suggest that...”;
“So we next explored...”;
“Notably,...”;
“Importantly,...”;
“Furthermore...”;
“Moreover...”;
“We have previously shown that...”;
“As shown in Fig. 1, ...”;
“Fig. 1 shows...”;
“Overall,...”;
“Taken together, these results suggest...”;
“These data are consistent with the notion that...”;
“Next, we examined the effect of...”;
“We next set out to determine whether...”;
“Lastly, we examined...”;
“In order to establish...”.
5. Acknowledgements
这一部分主要感谢友情给你帮助的人,如给过你质粒、细胞或其它材料的,技术服务及写作指导的,最后写基金号。
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