(1)Abstract
摘要以最简洁的文字概括论文，点明研究的目的、途径、结果、意义，以便读者决定是否要阅读全文。摘要一般包含几项内容：
1. 论文主题（1句）
2. 理论基础、途径、方法（1-2句）
3. 研究结果（1句）
4. 影响和价值（1句）
1.论文主题
In this paper, we present a … approach to …
本文提出了一种针对...的...方法。
In this paper, we describe improved … models for …
本文介绍几种针对...的改进的...模型。
We propose a new … model and … algorithm that enables us to …
我们提出一种新的...模型和...算法，它让我们能够...
We present a … model that enables …
我们提出了一种...模型，它使我们能够...
This paper demonstrates the ability of … to perform robust and accurate …
本文证明了...进行...可靠准确的.的能力。
In this paper we report results of a … approach to …
本文报导了...的...方法的实验结果。
This paper demonstrates that … can effectively … with very high accuracy.
本文证明，...能够有效地准确地.
The purpose/goal/intention/objective/object/emphasis/aim of this paper is …
本文的目的是...
The primary/chief/overall/main object of this study is to survey …
本研究的首要目标是考察...
The chief aim of this paper/research/study/experiment/the present work is …
本文的主要目标是...
The emphasis of this study lies in …
我们的研究重点是...
The work presented in this paper focuses on …
本文所述工作重点放在...
Our goal has been to provide …
我们的目标是提供...
The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of …
我们的研究目标是获取有关...的知识。
The object of this fundamental research will be to reveal …
此项基础研究的目标是揭示...
With his recent research, the author intends to outline the framework of …
通过最近的研究，作者试图描绘...的构架。
The author attempted the set of experiments with a view to demonstrating certain phenomena in …
作者本着验证.中的一些现象的目的，进行了这些试验
The authors are now initiating experimental investigation to establish …
作者正在着手试验性研究，以建立...
With his research, the author’s endeavor is to explain …
作者开展此项研究的目的是要解释...
In this paper we aim at …
本文的目标是...
2.本文研究的理论基础、途径和方法
This is a working theory which is based on …
这是一项基于...的实用理论。
The method used in our study is known as …
我们在研究中采用的方法被称为...
The technique we applied is referred to as …
我们采用的技术被称为...
The problem we have outlined deals largely with the study of …
我们所述问题很大程度上涉及对...的研究。
The experiment made by the research group is aimed at obtaining the results …
研究小组所做实验旨在获取有关...的结果。
Included in the experiment were …
实验包括...
A number of experiments were performed to check …
我们开展了大量实验以检查...
Experiments on … were made to measure …
我们进行了针对...的实验，以测量...
We have carried out several sets of experiments to test the validity of …
我们进行了一系列实验以测试...的有效性。
We undertook the experiment to support the hypothesis of …
我们开展此项实验以支持...假设。
3.研究结果
Detailed information has been acquired by the author about …
作者得到了有关...的详细信息。
The research has recorded valuable data about …
本研究记录到了关于...的有价值数据。
The results of the experiment indicate that …
实验结果表明...
The studies we have performed showed that …
我们所做研究表明...
The research we have done suggests that …
我们所做研究表明...
We carried out several studies which have demonstrated that …
我们开展了几项研究，验证了...
The investigation carried out by us has revealed that …
我们所做研究揭示了...
From the experiment, the authors came to realize that …
从此项实验中，作者终于认识到...
4.研究的影响和价值
All our preliminary results throw light on the nature of …
我们的初步研究结果有助于揭示...的本质。
This fruitful work gives explanation of …
我们富有成果的研究工作解释了...
The author's pioneer work has contributed to our present understanding of …
作者的开创性工作有助于理解...
The research work has brought about a discovery of …
研究工作带来一个发现...
The research has resulted in a solution of …
研究工作带来一个...问题的解决方案
Our work involving studies of … prove to be encouraging.
我们涉及...研究的工作，事实证明是鼓舞人心的
Laboratory studies of … did not furnish any information about …
对.的实验室研究没有提供任何关于...的信息。
(2)Introduction
引言部分介绍此项研究的主题、背景、范畴，并说明全文的结构，便于读者阅读，一般包含几项内容：
1. 背景介绍
2. 现有问题
3. 研究目标
4. 篇章结构
1.背景介绍
... has been a hot topic in … research.
在...研究中，...已成为研究热点。
... is the … problem that has received the most attention in the … literature.
在...文献中，...是受到最多关注的...问题。
... have attracted much attention from academia.
已经引起学术界的很大关注。
... has been of considerable interest to the … community in recent years.
近年来，...已经引起...界的极大关注。
It is well known that …
众所周知，...
It is reported that …
据报导，...
There have been studies highlighting …
此前已经有一些针对...的研究。
Over the past 3 decades, …
在过去的三十年，...
The previous work on … has indicated that …
先前关于...的研究表明...
Recent experiments by … have suggested …
最近...做的实验表明...
Recent experiments in this area suggested that …
这个领域的最新实验表明...
The approach adopted extensively is called …
被广泛采用的方法称为...
Several researchers have theoretically investigated …
有几个研究者已经从理论上考察了...
In most studies of …, … has been emphasized with attention being given to …
在大多数对...的研究中，...受到高度重视，人们关注的是...
Industrial application of … is becoming increasingly common.
...的工业化应用日益普及。
The approaches fall into two major groups.
现有方法主要分成两类。
The approaches can be divided into two general classes.
现有方法一般分成两类。
The approaches may be classified into two categories
现有方法可以分成两类。
The approaches are of two broad.
现有方法分成两类。
2.该领域现有问题
Great progress has been made in this field, but/however, nevertheless …
虽然这个领域已经取得重大进步，但是...
A part of the explanation could lie in … However, …
部分解释可能在于.。但是，.
The study of … gives rise to two main difficulties: one is …; the other is … .
研究遇到两个主要困难：一个是...；另一个是...
Also, the consideration of … alone cannot explain the observed fact that …
单独考虑.无法解释观察到的事实，即...
From the above discussion, it appears that at present neither … nor …
从以上讨论可知，目前既不...也不...
Despite the recent progress reviewed in …, there is no generally accepted theory concerning…
除了已经在.中回顾的最新进展，还没有关于...的广为接受的理论。
The only research that I am aware of that has dealt directly with the problem of … is a series of papers by …
我所知道的直接针对...问题的唯一研究是...发表的一系列论文。
Experiments of this kind have not been performed.
这种实验还没有人做过。
Until now no field experiments of … have been reported.
目前为此，还没有关于...现场实验的报导。
The method we used differs greatly from the one reported last year.
我们使用的方法与去年报导的有很大不同。
No clear advancement has so far been seen in …
在...领域，还没有出现明显的进展。
The data available in literature failed to prove that …
文献中的数据无法证明...
3.引出自己的研究目标
We propose … as a solution to address this problem.
我们提出...作为应对这个问题的方案。
We build several different models to address these issues and to improve … for the benefit of …
我们构建了几个不同的模型，以应对这些问题，并针对...改进...
In this paper, … is investigated/studied/discussed/presented
本文研究...
This paper reports on …
本文对...进行报告
The purpose of this paper/study/thesis is …
本文的目的是...
The primary goal of this research is …
此项研究的首要目标是...
The present study will therefore focus on …
因此，当前研究的重点放在...
The present work deals mainly with …
当前工作主要涉及...
In this paper, we aim at …
本文旨在...
On the basis of existing literature data, we carried out studies in an effort to …
在现有文献数据的基础上，我们开展了研究，试图...
4.研究范畴
The problem under discussion is within the scope of …
讨论的问题限于...范畴。
The problem I have referred to falls within the field of …
我谈及有问题发生在...领域。
The problem we have just outlined seems to be inside of the province of …
我们先前描述的问题似乎只发生在...省。
Studies with these effects covered various aspects of …
针对这些效果的研究涵盖了...的不同方面。
The author has limited his studies to the related aspects of …
作者将研究范围限定在...的相关方面。
Our studies with this technique are confined to only one particular aspect of …
我们运用此项技术的研究只限于...的一个特定方面。
This subject is concerned chiefly with the study of …
本课题主要涉及...的研究。
The approach under study is only applied to …
研究的方法只能应用于...
The theory cannot apply to other cases of …
本理论不适用于其它...情况。
The emphasis of this paper is to survey …
本文的重点是调查...
5.说明篇章结构
This paper is divided into 5 sections as follows …
本文分成如下五个部分
Section one of the paper opens with …
第一节以...开头
Section 3 develops the second hypotheses on …
每三节展开关于...的第二项假设
Section 4 shows/introduces/reveals/treats/ develops/deal with …
第四节描述...
The 5th section provides an exposition that places the primary emphasis on …
第五节是展示部分，重点放在...
The result of … is given in the last section.
...的结果放在最后一部分。
In this paper, data and results are presented under the major heading of …
本文中，数据和结果放在大标题...下。
Finally, a summary is given of …
最后，给出关于...的结论。
Finally, some problems that deserve to be noted and their solution are presented.
最后提出了应注意的一些问题和解决方法。
(3)Materials and methods
作者可通过定义、描写、说明、举例、实验、论证、比较、分析综合、判断推理等不同的方式来证实在引言中所提及的主题，阐明研究是怎样完成的。常用表达手法介绍：
1. 术语定义、描述
2. 推导、实验方法
3. 实验步骤
4. 示例、图示
1.术语定义、对象描述
The theory is characterized by …
该理论具有...特点。
The fundamental feature of this theory is as follows.
该理论的基本特点如下。
Our system uses a … framework.
我们的系统采用...构架。
... is composed of the following main parts: …
...由下列主要部分构成：...
Our algorithm consists of two parts, a … and a …
我们的算法由两部分构成，一个...和一个...
... consist mainly of … but also include … , …, and …
...主要由...构成，但也包括...、...和...
... has two key components: a specification of …, and the … algorithm.
...包含两个关键部分：一个关于...的规范，还有一个就是...算法。
... is called …
...叫作...
It is called … in physics.
它在物理学上被称为...
This equation is known as … law.
这个等式被叫做...定律。
Here, the term "…" just refers to a …
在这里，“...”一词仅指一个...
We may refer to such a cell as a …
我们可以把这样的单元称为...
We will consequently refer to it as …
由此，我们将它称为...
Such indicator functions are referred to as … instead of … throughout the rest of the paper.
在论文的其余部分，这样的指示函数被称为...，而不是...。
The objective function, later referred to as …, is as follows.
目标函数，在下文中被称为...，形式如下。
2.推导、实验方法
This formula is verified by …
公式通过...验证。
Substituting … in/into …, we obtain/have/get …
将...替换进...，我们得到...
Substituting … in/into … gives/yields/results in …
将...替换进...，产生...
Let us now consider the case where …
让我们来思考一下...的情况。
Suppose that … is a solution of …
假设...是...的解。
If m=1.2, then we have the following equations:
如果m=1.2，可以得到下列等式：
Given that m=1.2, we obtain …
假设m=1.2，可以得到...
The relationship between … and … is as follows: ...
与...之间的关系如下：...
To eliminate such possibilities, we implemented a …
为了消除这种可能性，我们实现了一个...
... is determined by using the …
通过...来确定...
...is assigned to …
将...赋予...
The sections were rinsed to remove …
清洗截面，以去除...
The … from each section were removed.
去除每个截面上的...
Five … were selected at random.
随机挑选五个...
3.实验步骤
The procedure we followed can be briefly described as …
我们所采用的步骤可以简单地这么说，...
The steps taken are: …
所采用的步骤是：...
The experiment consisted of three steps, which are described in …
实验包括三步，在...中描述。
The algorithm has four steps.
算法分成四步。
The Viterbi algorithm has three steps: initialization, induction, and termination and path-readout.
韦特比算法分三个步骤：初始化、推导、终止和路径读出。
The typical MUC system goes through roughly these steps: …
典型的MUC系统大致要经过这些步骤：...
After … is done by …, a … step is applied to …
做完...后，要进行...步骤，以...
The second step is to perform …
第二步是进行...
Second came the … phase.
第二步是...阶段。
The last step is to …
最后一步是...
Lastly came the … phase, which involved …
最后一步是...阶段，这一步包括...
4.示例、图示
As shown in Table 3, …
如表三所示，...
As can be seen from the data in Table 1, …
正如表一中的数据所示，...
As described in Figure 3.2, …
正如图3.2所示，...
The … coefficient varies with the shape of the object (see Table 1).
...系数随物体的形状而异（参见表一）。
Here are few examples to illustrate this principle.
略举数例，用以说明这一原理。
A simple example will serve to illustrate the point.
一个简单的例子可以说明这一点。
The above diagram serves to illustrate the principle of …
上述图表是用来说明...的作用原理的。
We illustrate this method with an example of a small project.
我们举一个简单的工程任务的实例说明这一方法。
The following example will illustrate a typical method for solving such problems.
下面举一个解决这类问题的典型方法的例子。
To illustrate my point I have done a comparative analysis.
为说明我的观点，我做了对比分析。
To illustrate the foregoing analysis, consider a …
为了举例阐明以上的分析，我们考虑一种...
We now illustrate the entire procedure in solving a … problem.
我们现在来举例说明解一个...题的全部过程。
Those are expressly designed to illustrate …
那些是用来说明...的巧妙想法。
(4)Results
本部分列举研究结果，分析产生这些结果的原因，与他人的结果进行比较，指出由这些结果可以进一步推导出什么结论。
列举最重要的结果
Table 1 shows/provides details of the test results.
表一显示了试验结果的细节。
Figure 4.2 gives the results of the experiment.
图4.2给出了实验的结果。
Figure 3 shows the results obtained from the studies of …
图三显示从本研究中得到的结果...
Table 2 presents the data provided by the experiments on …
表二给出了实验获得的数据...
This table summarized the data collected during the experiment of … 表格总结了实验过程中收集的数据...
Our experimental data are briefly summarized as follows …
我们的实验数据简要总结如下...
The direct outcome was reported in …
直接的成果呈现在.
(5)Discussion
在讨论部分中，作者通常对研究结果所涉及的深层关系和原因进行补充说明，指出本研究的影响及局限。因为陈述的是作者的见解和结论，所以句型多用一般现在时态。
1.结果推论
The research we have done suggests an increase in …
我们所做研究表明...增长
These results suggest that …
这些结果表明...
These findings suggest that there is a genetic component to alcoholism.
这些研究结果表明酒精中毒症是有遗传因素的。
Our data therefore suggest the markets are not in fact random.
我们的数据表明，市场实际上并不是随机的。
These results suggest evolutionary convergence in the mechanisms of peptide hydrolysis.
这些结果表明肽水解机制中存在进化趋同现象。
2.解释原因
These findings are understandable because …
这些发现很容易理解，因为...
Mass flow occurs as a result of external forces.
质体流动的发生是由于外力的结果。
This occurs as a result of various intraocular diseases such as high myopia.
这是由于各种眼内疾病如高度近视的结果。
Fermentation is the result of the action of minute organisms.
发酵是由于许多微小生物作用的结果。
The resemblance of families such as the Verbenaceae and Labiate is the result of evolutionary convergence.
科的相似性，如马鞭草科与唇形科的相似性，是进化上的趋同造成的。
The interaction between two surfaces is the result of repulsion and attraction forces.
两个表面间的相互作用是由于吸引力和排斥力作用的结果。
The further growth of a bar is due to a lowering of sea level.
砂洲的进一步生长是由于海平面正在下降的结果。
Pernicious anemia in human is due to failure of absorption of vitamin B 12.
人的恶性贫血是由于不能吸收维生素B12的结果。
3.与其他研究者的结果做比较
The data obtained appear to be similar to those reported earlier by … 得到的数据似乎与...发表的相似。
These results agree with Gerner’s analysis, in that … varies inversely with …
这些结果与Gerner的分析相吻合，即...与...成反比。
4.与其它方法进行性能比较
The recognition rate of our system is significantly higher than that reported for Token’s system.
我们系统的识别率远远高于已报导的Token系统的识别率。
There are only a few … to my knowledge with speeds of the same order of magnitude.
就我所知，只有少数...的速度达到同等级别。
It is one of the fastest … I am aware of, achieving speeds of … per second on an SGI.
这是我所知道的最快的...之一，在SGI机器上达到每秒...的处理速度。
5.实验数据是否与理论模型符合
The measured temperatures along the … are all highly consistent with the predictions of the theoretical model.
沿着...测到的温度都与理论模型所预测的高度一致。
Wave theory fails to fit the facts.
波动理论与事实完全不符。
This approach corresponds to much of the work done on urban-growth theory.
这一研究方法与对城市发展学说的许多研究工作相吻合。
6.结果的意义
These results provide substantial evidence for the original assumptions.
这些结果为最初的假设提供了坚实的证据。
These experimental results support the original hypothesis that …
实验结果支持了最初假设，即...
These results contradict the original hypothesis.
这些结果与当初的假设相矛盾。
The present results are consistent with those reported in our earlier work.
现在的结果与我们早期论著中报导的是一致的。
7.本文研究的局限
Despite the great advantages mentioned above there are some pitfalls.
尽管前边提到很多有利方面，但是也有一些隐患。
We have not addressed all … problems of … models.
我们尚未涉及...模型的所有...问题。
It should be noted that this study has examined only …
请注意，此项研究只考察了.
The findings of this study are restricted to …
本顶研究的结果仅限于...
The limitations of this study are clear …
本研究的局限性是清楚的...
The result of the study cannot be taken as evidence for …
本研究的结果不能作为...的证据
Unfortunately, we are unable to determine from this data …
不幸的是，从这些数据中，我们无法确定...
8.今后的研究方向
This problem remains to be solved.
这个问题有待解决。
... remains to be determined.
...有待确定。
It deserves to be further studied which … should be selected.
选择哪一种...值得进一步研究。
(6)Conclusion
结论是作者对研究课题进行的总体性讨论，反映本研究的价值，并对以后的研究具有指导意义。应包括下列内容：
1. 概括说明本课题的研究内容；
2. 较具体说明本研究得出什么结果，证明了什么假设或理论，有何创造性成果或见解，解决什么问题等。
In conclusion, we state that …
总起来说，...
In summing up it may be stated that …
概括起来可以这么说，...
From …, we now conclude …
从...中，我们得出结论，...
As a result of our experiments, we concluded that …
作为一项实验结果，我们得出结论，...
It is concluded that …
由此得出结论，...
These findings of the research have led the author to the conclusion that …
研究的发现让作者得出这样的结论，即...
The author has satisfactorily come to the conclusion that …
作者满意地得出结论，...
On the basis of …, the following conclusion can be made …
在...基础上，我们可以得出以下结论，......
We have demonstrated in this paper …
本文中，我们验证了...
Finally, a summary is given of …
最后，给出...的总结
In conclusion, the result shows …
总之，结果表明...
The results of the experiment indicate …
实验结果显示...
This fruitful work gives an explanation of …
此项富有成果的工作解释了.
(7)Acknowledgement
致谢对象有两类：一类是经费上给予支持的，另一类是在技术、方法、条件、资料、信息等方面给予支持帮助的。致谢时一般项目资助单位或个人在前，其他人员在后。
1. 感谢赞助单位或个人
Support for this program/project/study is provided by …
Funding for this program is provided by …
I thank … for giving financial support for this study.
Research for this paper was partially supported by …
This research was funded by …
2. 感谢提供资料的单位或个人
Data were supplied/provided by …
Permission to quote from material protected by copyright has been granted by …
I thank … for the permission to quote from material protected by copyright.
3. 感谢提出建议和帮助的个人
I thank … for comments on the manuscript.
In addition, I am grateful to … for their valuable suggestions, and to … for her patience and good counsel.
For help in the technical assistance, I thank …
We thank the following people for their helpful comments on drafts of this paper: …
In addition, I wish to thank … for his valuable suggestions.
For their encouragement, support, and research assistance, I would like to thank the following individuals who have contributed substantially to the completion of this study/paper/work.
4. 感谢不知名的审稿人
The anonymous reviewers have also contributed considerably to the publication of this paper.
In addition, I would like to thank the anonymous reviewers who have helped to improve the paper.
5. 感谢其他人
I also owe an obligation to …
Also I wish to thank … for their many courtesies.
Thanks is also extended to … who …
I wish to thank … for his …
(8)References
在论文的最后列出参考文献，其目的在于：
①便于读者查阅原始资料中的有关内容，以了解前人工作与作者工作的区别及本论文的起点；
②便于读者了解本工作的基础，并了解其理论基础优劣；
③尊重他人的劳动成果，突出本论文的创新性；
④将论文成果和观点与前人的研究做出比较，同时也说明论文的创新性；
⑤有利于缩短论文的篇幅。
需要注意，文后列出的参考文献应是公开正式发表过的、作者真正参阅过的、与论文密切相关或直接引用的文献。另外，引用文献时要注意引用最新的文献，它标志着论文作者对最新科研工作的了解及掌握情况，避免重复性工作出现，体现论文的创新性。
(9)chart/graph/table
一、图形种类及概述法：
1、泛指一份数据图表：
a data graph(曲线图)/chart/diagram/illustration/table
饼图：pie chart
直方图或柱形图：bar chart/histogram
趋势曲线图：line chart/curve diagram
表格图：table
流程图或过程图：flow chart/sequence diagram
程序图：processing/procedures diagram
2、常用的描述用法
The table/chart diagram/graph shows （that）
According to the table/chart diagram/graph
As （is） shown in the table/chart diagram/graph
As can be seen from the table/chart/diagram/graph/figures，
figures/statistics shows （that）……
It can be seen from the figures/statistics
We can see from the figures/statistics
It is clear from the figures/statistics
It is apparent from the figures/statistics
table/chart/diagram/graph figures （that） ……
table/chart/diagram/graph shows/describes/illustrates
3、图表中的数据（Data）具体表达法
数据（Data）在某一个时间段固定不变：fixed in time
在一系列的时间段中转变：changes over time
持续变化的data在不同情况下：
增加：increase/raise/rise/go up ……
减少：decrease/grow down/drop/fall ……
波动：fluctuate/rebound/undulate/wave ……
稳定：remain stable/stabilize/level off ……
二、相关常用词组
1、主章开头
图表类型：table（表格）、chart（图表）、diagram（图标）、graph（多指曲线图）、column chart（柱状图）、pie graph（饼图）、tree diagram（树形图）
描述：show、describe、illustrate、can be seen from、clear、apparent、reveal、represent
内容：figure、statistic、number、percentage、proportion
2、表示数据变化的单词或者词组
rapid/rapidly 迅速的，飞快的，险峻的
dramatic/dramatically 戏剧性的，生动的
significant/significantly 有意义的，重大的，重要的
sharp/sharply 锐利的，明显的，急剧的
steep/steeply 急剧升降的
steady/steadily 稳固的，坚定不移的
gradual/gradually 渐进的，逐渐的
slow/slowly 缓慢的，不活跃的
slight/slightly 稍微的、略微地
stable/stably 稳定的
3、其它在描述中的常用到的词
significant changes 图中一些较大变化
noticeable trend 明显趋势
during the same period 在同一时期
grow/grew 增长
distribute 分布
unequally 不相等地
in the case of 在……的情况下
in terms of/in respect of/regarding 在……方面
in contrast 相反，大不相同
government policy 政府政策
market forces 市场力量
measure n.尺寸，方法，措施 v.估量，调节
forecast n.先见，预见 v.猜测
三、图表描述套句精选
1.the table shows the changes in the number of……over the period from……to……
该表格描述了在……年之……年间……数量的变化。
2.the bar chart illustrates that……
该柱状图展示了……
3.the graph provides some interesting data regarding……
该图为我们提供了有关……有趣数据。
4.the diagram shows （that）……
该图向我们展示了……
5.the pie graph depicts （that）……
该圆形图揭示了……
6.this is a cure graph which describes the trend of……
这个曲线图描述了……的趋势。
7.the figures/statistics show （that）……
数据（字）表明……
8.the tree diagram reveals how……
该树型图向我们揭示了如何……
9.the data/statistics show （that）……
该数据（字）可以这样理解……
10.the data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that……
这些数据资料令我们得出结论……
11.as is shown/demonstrated/exhibited in the diagram/graph/chart/table……
如图所示……
12.according to the chart/figures……
根据这些表（数字）……
13.as is shown in the table……
如表格所示……
14.as can be seen from the diagram，great changes have taken place in……
从图中可以看出，……发生了巨大变化。
15.from the table/chart/diagram/figure，we can see clearly that……or it is clear/apparent from the chart that……
从图表我们可以很清楚（明显）看到……
16.this is a graph which illustrates……
这个图表向我们展示了……
17.this table shows the changing proportion of a & b from……to……
该表格描述了……年到……年间a与b的比例关系。
18.the graph，presented in a pie chart，shows the general trend in……
该图以圆形图形式描述了……总的趋势。
19.this is a column chart showing……
这是个柱型图，描述了……
20.as can be seen from the graph，the two curves show the flutuation of……
如图所示，两条曲线描述了……的波动情况。
21.over the period from……to……, the……remained level.
在……至……期间，……基本不变。
22.in the year between……and……
在……年到……期间……
23.in the 3 years spanning from 1995 through 1998……
1995年至1998三年里……
24.from then on/from this time onwards……
从那时起……
25.the number of……remained steady/stable from （month/year） to （month/year）。
……月（年）至……月（年）……的数量基本不变。
26.the number sharply went up to……
数字急剧上升至……
27.the percentage of……stayed the same between……and……
……至……期间……的比率维持不变。
28.the figures peaked at……in（month/year）
……的数目在……月（年）达到顶点，为……
29.the percentage remained steady at……
比率维持在……
30.the percentage of……is sightly larger/smaller than that of……
……的比例比……的比例略高（低）。
31.there is not a great deal of difference between……and……
……与……的区别不大。
32.the graphs show a threefold increase in the number of……
该图表表明……的数目增长了三倍。四倍（fourfold），五倍（fivefold）
33……decreased year by year while……increased steadily.
……逐年减少，而……逐步上升。
34.the situation reached a peak（a high point at） of[%]...
……的情况（局势）到达顶（高）点，为……百分点。
35.the figures/situation bottomed out in……
数字（情况）在……达到底部。
36.the figures reached the bottom/a low point/hit a trough.
数字（情况）达到底部（低谷）。
37.a is ……times as much/many as b.
a是b的……倍。
38.a increased by……
a增长了……
39.a increased to……
a增长到……
40.high/low/great/small/ percentage.
比率高（低）
41.there is an upward trend in the number of……
……数字呈上升趋势。
42.a considerable increase/decrease occurred from……to……
……到……发生急剧上升。
43.from……to……the rate of decrease slow down.
从……到……，下降速率减慢。
44.from this year on，there was a gradual decline/ reduction in the……，reaching a figure of……
从这年起，……逐渐下降至……
45.be similar to……
与……相似
46.be the same as……
与……相同
47.there are a lot similarities/differences between……and……
……与……之间有许多相似（不同）之处
48.a has something in common with b
a与b有共同之处。
49.the difference between a and b lies in……
a与b之间的差别在于……
50.……（year）witnessed/saw a sharp rise//in……
……年……急剧上升
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