英文论文中连字符的用法

动名词组合用作形容词，两词之间要加连字符

例：

“The drug induced side effects”

如果作为一个单独的句子，“The drug induced side effects. These included headache, nausea, ...”此时，“drug”是作为主语，而“induced”是一个动词过去式作谓语，这句话表示“这种药物会引起副作用”。

如果作为一个句子中的一部分，“The drug-induced side effects ... of aspirin include GI distress.”此时，“drug-induced”用连字符连接，在句子中充当形容词，修饰“side effects”，表示“由药物引起的副作用”

这一原则多用在动词的-ed, -ing,以及-ent形式中（当它们被用作形容词时）。

例：

receptor-mediated; exercise-induced asthma; site-directed mutagenesis; FDA-approved drug

drug-metabolizing enzyme; ligand-binding domain; rate-limiting step

concentration-dependent effects; ligand-independent transactivation; RNA-dependent DNA synthesis

形容词动词结合作为形容词，两词之间要加连字符

例：

“blue-labeled tubes”是指试管上贴了蓝色的标签

如果有两个术语修饰同一个词，这两个术语需要加连字符

例：

the Ca2+- and phospholipid-dependent enzyme PKC

The epinephrine- and isoproterenol-induced responses were both blocked by propranolol with similar potency.

The drug-sensitive and -insensitive cells were compared for… two words after the hyphens instead of before

副词与动词结合作为形容词，两词之间不加连字符

以“y”或“ly”结尾的词通常是副词，应为它们总是用来修饰动词或形容词的，所以不用加连字符

例：

A newly identified enzyme

A highly regarded expert in the field

A very limited interaction

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