Discussion（讨论）是学术论文的重要组成部分，也是广大科研人员普遍认为最难以撰写的部分。一个好的Discussion，需要基于研究的实验结果开展充分的讨论，深度挖掘数据背后隐含的科学问题，给读者提供有深度和启发性的信息。如何写好Discussion，可能是学术产出过程中最引发作者、审稿人、读者思考的重要环节。
就Discussion的写作形式而言，可以Results and Discussion（结果与讨论）的形式在每个结果的Subsections（小节）中进行逐一讨论；也可以在撰写完Results（结果）后，撰写单独的Discussion。因此，Discussion的写法具有灵活性。在环境主流期刊的Guideline中，对Discussion的形式有不同的写作要求：
Environmental science & Technology
鼓励Results and Discussion
Be complete but concise. Discuss your findings, postulate explanations for the data, elucidate models and compare your results with those of others. Avoid irrelevant comparisons or contrasts, any speculation unsupported by the data presented and verbose discussion. A separate conclusion is not to be used; any concluding statements are to be incorporated under Results and Discussion.
Soil biology and Biochemistry
要求单独的Discussion
Results
This need only report results of representative experiments illustrated by Tables and Figures. Use well-known statistical tests in preference to obscure ones. Consult a statistician or a statistics text for detailed advice.
Discussion
This section must not recapitulate results but should relate the authors' experiments to other work and give their conclusions, which may be given in a subsection headed.
Water Research
鼓励Results and Discussion
Results
Results should be clear and concise. Show only those experimental results that are relevant to your objectives and conclusions and which you want to discuss.
Discussion
This should explore the significance of the results of the work, not repeat them. It should integrate your findings in a comprehensive picture and place them in the context of the existing literature. A combined Results and Discussion section can be appropriate. Avoid extensive citations and discussion of published literature.
不论形式如何，写作Discussion的原则万变不离其宗。
英国基尔大学的James Hartley教授曾提出的Discussion写作五步法：
第一步，重述全文的重要结论和成果；
第二步，对比前人文献中的结果，求同存异，并结合文献阐明结果是否有所进步；
第三步，表明可能存在的局限性；
第四步，针对局限和困境，提出可能的解决方案；
第五步，展望未来，如果对于本试验的条件进行变更，提出一些新的问题和下一步研究建议。
浙江大学的马奇英教授将Discussion的技法总结为：比对解释，以点带面。
实例分享1 Results and Discussion
在文章结构简单，Discussion的方向清晰、与Results高度重合时，“Results and Discussion”的写作形式可以使文章的要点表述逻辑简明，可以达到“一点一面”的效果。比如下例，讨论了硒添加对砷超富集植物生物量的影响。
The fact that Se addition increased P. vittata biomass by 30–47% compared to As13 and As133 treatments make the increase in As concentrations more impressive.
重述该节的重要结论。添加硒增加了蜈蚣草在两种浓度砷处理下的生长量。
The results are consistent with Srivastava et al. (2009) who reported that selenate increased As uptake in P. vittata under 150 and 300 µM As. In contrast, Feng et al. (2009) reported that selenite decreased As uptake in P. vittata,
比对与前人文献中的结果，求同存异。在硒酸盐（SeVI）添加下，蜈蚣草会增加砷的吸收；而在亚硒酸盐（SeIV）添加下，蜈蚣草会减少砷的吸收。（该研究添加的是SeVI形态）
possibly due to selenite competition with arsenate for phosphorus transporter in plants (Zhou et al., 2020).
比对解释。这是由于SeIV形态会与砷酸盐在植物中吸收的磷酸盐转运通道中产生竞争。
So, it is possible that selenate enhances As uptake but selenite decreases As uptake in P. vittata, which needs further research.
扩充展望。提出一种可能性，硒的不同形态对蜈蚣草砷吸收的作用不同，这可以成为未来研究工作的重要考量。
Credit to: [Dai et al. Selenate increased plant growth and arsenic uptake in As-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata via glutathione-enhanced arsenic reduction and translocation. J Hazard Mater, 2022, 424(Pt C): 127581.]
实例分享2 单独的Discussion
在文章追求系统性、整体性讨论时，独立的Discussion形式可以较好地串联多个方面的Results，“多点带面”。在下例中，文章需要从水稻铁斑中的砷含量、微生物群和砷代谢功能基因等三个部分进行串联，解释施肥量对植物生物量的影响。
…Burkholderia, Ralstonia, and Pseudomonas, which may contain the arsC gene,
引入相关结论的背景知识。文章结果中涉及的多个砷代谢基因中，arsC（砷还原基因）的变化比较显著，是需要深入讨论的重点。此处联系功能基因和宿主细菌的关系，引入可能含有arsC功能的一些细菌属。
were abundant in Fe-plaque and increased with manure application, as consistent with the increase in arsC.
重述结论。这些细菌属在水稻铁斑中富集，并随着施肥量而增加。
These bacteria have high As resistance and play an important role in promoting rice growth.
作出解释。因此这些具有砷抗性的细菌属对于促进植物生长很重要。
The relative abundance of Burkholderia in the soil was extremely low (<0.1%), while its relative abundance in Fe-plaque increased significantly (10%) with manure application.
举例说明。细菌属Burkholderia在土壤中的丰富度原本很低，但在铁斑中富集并随着施肥量而丰度增加。
Microorganisms that can adapt to high concentrations of As increased significantly in Fe-plaque with the application of manure, where As concentration reached 200 mg/kg, much higher than the soil As concentration of 18 mg/kg.
以点带面。联系砷浓度分布进行解释，在施肥的水稻铁斑中的砷浓度远远高于土壤的砷浓度，更容易适应性增加特定微生物群。
The microorganisms with higher As tolerance were able to be established in Fe-plaque to promote plant growth.
小结。水稻铁斑中更易于建立砷耐受性的微生物群落，从而促进植物生长。
Credit to: [Tang et al. Tong-Term Manure Application Changes Bacterial Communities in Rice Rhizosphere and Arsenic Speciation in Rice Grains. Environ Sci Technol, 2021, 55(3): 1555-1565.]
后记
Discussion是实验结果的科学性拓展。我们总希望将目光不断往返于数据和经验之间，找到合乎科学的解释。但事实是，最难的部分往往需要简洁、清晰、有效的方式，避免“借解剖跳蚤以证上帝之存在”的谬误。
All Faith is false, all Faith is true; Truth is the shattered mirror strown in myriad bits, while each believes his little bit the whole to own. 展出我们的“小镜子”，在真相的一个方面发光。如同，最简单的陈述唤起了最大的智慧，冗长的语言和花哨的技术词汇被用来传达浅薄的思想。
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